From ericbruun at earthlink.net Fri Dec 5 02:14:57 2003 From: ericbruun at earthlink.net (Eric Bruun) Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2003 12:14:57 -0500 Subject: [sustran] From THE GUARDIAN: The Subject that Everyone Avoids Message-ID: <010a01c3ba8a$2ea31a00$e1fb45cf@earthlink.net> Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2003 10:12 AM Subject: From THE GUARDIAN: The Subject that Everyone Avoids > > > * World's running out of oil, but politicians avoid the subject The Guardian Tuesday December 2, 2003 http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1097622,00.html > > > > > > The Guardian > > > Tuesday December 2, 2003 > > > > > > Bottom of the barrel The world is running out of oil - so why do politicians refuse to talk about it? > > > The oil industry is buzzing. On Thursday, the government approved the development of the biggest deposit discovered in British territory for at least 10 years. Everywhere we are told that this is a "huge" find, which dispels the idea that North Sea oil is in terminal decline. You begin torecognise how serious the human predicament has become when you discover that this "huge" new field will supply the world with oil for five and a quarter days. Every generation has its taboo, and ours is this: that the resource upon which our lives have been built is running out. We don't talk about it because we cannot imagine it. This is a civilisation in denial. > > > Oil itself won't disappear, but extracting what remains is becoming ever more difficult and expensive. The discovery of new reserves peaked in the 1960s. Every year we use four times as much oil as we find. All the big strikes appear to have been made long ago: the 400m barrels in the new North Sea field would have been considered piffling in the 1970s. Our future supplies depend on the discovery of small new deposits and the better exploitation of big old ones. No one with expertise in the field is in any doubt that the global production of oil will peak before long. > > > The only question is how long. The most optimistic projections are the ones produced by the US department of energy, which claims that this will not take place until 2037. But the US energy information agency has admitted that the government's figures have been fudged: it has based its projections for oil supply on the projections for oil demand, perhaps in order not to sow panic in the financial markets. > > > Other analysts are less sanguine. The petroleum geologist Colin Campbell calculates that global extraction will peak before 2010. In August, the geophysicist Kenneth Deffeyes told New Scientist that he was "99% confident" that the date of maximum global production will be 2004. Even if the optimists are correct, we will be scraping the oil barrel within the lifetimes of most of those who are middle-aged today. > > > > > > The supply of oil will decline, but global demand will not. Today we will burn 76m barrels; by 2020 we will be using 112m barrels a day, after which projected demand accelerates. If supply declines and demand grows, we soon encounter something with which the people of the advanced industrial economies are unfamiliar: shortage. The price of oil will go through the roof. > > > > > > As the price rises, the sectors which are now almost wholly dependent on crude oil - principally transport and farming - will be forced to contract. Given that climate change caused by burning oil is cooking the planet, this might appear to be a good thing. The problem is that our lives have become hard-wired to the oil economy. Our sprawling suburbs are impossible to service without cars. High oil prices mean high food prices: much of the world's growing population will go hungry. These problems will be exacerbated by the direct connection between the price of oil and the rate of unemployment. The last five recessions in the US were all preceded by a rise in the oil price. > > > > > > Oil, of course, is not the only fuel on which vehicles can run. There are plenty of possible substitutes, but none of them is likely to be anywhere near as cheap as crude is today. Petroleum can be extracted from tar sands and oil shale, but in most cases the process uses almost as much energy as it liberates, while creating great mountains and lakes of toxic waste. Natural gas is a better option, but switching from oil to gas propulsion would require a vast and staggeringly expensive new fuel infrastructure. Gas, of course, is subject to the same constraints as oil: at current rates of use, the world has about 50 years' supply, but if gas were to take the place of oil its life would be much shorter. > > > > > > Vehicles could be run from fuel cells powered by hydrogen, which is produced by the electrolysis of water. But the electricity which produces the hydrogen has to come from somewhere. To fill all the cars in the US would require four times the current capacity of the national grid. Coal > > > burning is filthy, nuclear energy is expensive and lethal. Running the world's cars from wind or solar power would require a greater > > > investment than any civilisation has ever made before. New studies > > > suggest that leaking hydrogen could damage the ozone layer and exacerbate global warming. > > > > > > Turning crops into diesel or methanol is just about viable in terms of recoverable energy, but it means using the land on which food is now > > > grown for fuel. My rough calculations suggest that running the United Kingdom's cars on rapeseed oil would require an area of arable fields the size of England. > > > > > > There is one possible solution which no one writing about the > > > impending oil crisis seems to have noticed: a technique with which the British and Australian governments are currently experimenting, called > > > underground coal gasification. This is a fancy term for setting light to coal seams which are too deep or too expensive to mine, and catching the gas which emerges. It's a hideous prospect, as it means that several trillion tonnes of carbon which was otherwise impossible to exploit becomes available, with the likely result that global warming will eliminate life on Earth. > > > > > > We seem, in other words, to be in trouble. Either we lay hands on every available source of fossil fuel, in which case we fry the planet and civilisation collapses, or we run out, and civilisation collapses. > > > The only rational response to both the impending end of the oil age and the menace of global warming is to redesign our cities, our farming and our lives. But this cannot happen without massive political pressure, and our problem is that no one ever rioted for austerity. People tend to take to the streets because they want to consume more, not less. Given a choice between a new set of matching tableware and the survival of humanity, I suspect that most people would choose the tableware. > > > > > > In view of all this, the notion that the war with Iraq had nothing to do with oil is simply preposterous. The US attacked Iraq (which appears to have had no weapons of mass destruction and was not threatening other nations), rather than North Korea (which is actively developing a nuclear weapons programme and boasting of its intentions to blow everyone else to kingdom come) because Iraq had something it wanted. In one respect alone, Bush and Blair have been making plans for the day when oil production peaks, by seeking to secure the reserves of other nations. > > > > > > I refuse to believe that there is not a better means of averting disaster than this. I refuse to believe that human beings are collectively incapable of making rational decisions. But I am beginning to wonder what the basis of my belief might be. > > > > > > ? The sources for this and all George Monbiot's recent articles can be found at www.monbiot.com. > > > From rory at stem.org.nz Tue Dec 9 08:16:46 2003 From: rory at stem.org.nz (stem) Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2003 12:16:46 +1300 Subject: [sustran] Auckland needs your help Message-ID: <003b01c3bde2$494f53e0$0201a8c0@lan> Hi Here in Auckland, New Zealand we are battling against the City Council who want to destroy a beautiful part of the city and replace it with a motorway. See www.stem.org.nz for many more details. If you would like to help up please send an e-mail to the following: John Banks (mayor) 307 7585 mayor@akcity.govt.nz Williams Cairns (Councillor, Hobson Ward ) 3792020 cr.cairns@akcity.govt.nz Scott Milne (Councillor, Hobson Ward ) (0274) 946 321 cr.milne@akcity.govt.nz Victoria Carter 529 1121 cr.carter@akcity.govt.nz Greg McKeown (Councillor & Chair of Transport Committee) 630 1351 cr.mckeown@akcity.govt.nz Juliet Yates (Councillor, Eastern Bays Ward ) 528 0581 cr.yates@akcity.govt.nz Doug Armstrong (Councillor, Eastern Bays Ward ) (025) 967 770 cr.armstrong@akcity.govt.nz Bill Christian 527 8648 cr.christian@akcity.govt.nz Sherryl McKelvie (0274) 744 431 cr.mckelvie@akcity.govt.nz In the email please state 1 - we oppose the construction of the uneccessary Eastern Motorway 2 - we would prefer Auckland to invest money in public transport 3 - enlightened cities are looking at ways of eliminating the need for cars, not encouraging them. Also, please pass this email on to your friends. Together we can make a difference. many thanks webmaster STEM -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://list.jca.apc.org/manage/private/sustran-discuss/attachments/20031209/2501677f/attachment.htm From debi at beag.net Tue Dec 9 12:29:12 2003 From: debi at beag.net (Debi Goenka) Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2003 08:59:12 +0530 Subject: [sustran] BAQ 2003 in Manila Message-ID: <000f01c3be04$9d773dd0$0b9944ca@DebiDesktop> Is any one planning to attend the BAQ 2003 in Manila? I have an invitation to attend, and will be there. Cheers Debi Help yourself - protect our Environment ! Debi Goenka Member Activist Bombay Environmental Action Group Kalbadevi Municipal School, #54, 2nd floor, Mumbai 400002, India debi@beag.net www.beag.net tel: fax: mobile: 91-22-22423126 91-22-22426385 +919820086404 Powered by Plaxo Want a signature like this? -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... 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Name: not available Type: image/gif Size: 1913 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://list.jca.apc.org/manage/private/sustran-discuss/attachments/20031209/0f2a92f3/attachment.gif From paulbarter at nus.edu.sg Tue Dec 9 15:21:51 2003 From: paulbarter at nus.edu.sg (Barter, Paul) Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2003 14:21:51 +0800 Subject: [sustran] Fwd: Shanghai to increase bike ban Message-ID: <42F08B8662756D428F2811F53C6A93F59C98A7@MBXSRV04.stf.nus.edu.sg> http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,8113685%25 5E1702,00.html The Australian newspaper website, breaking news section, 09dec03 Shanghai to increase bike ban >From correspondents in Shanghai CHINA'S biggest city plans to ban bicycles from all major roads next year to ease congestion brought on by a wave of private car ownership, official newspapers said Tuesday. Police will also raise fines tenfold for such cycling infractions as running red lights, Shanghai Daily reported. Such measures aim to "control the number of bicycles on city streets," it quoted police official Chen Yuangao as saying. The proposed ban, which extends restrictions already in place, has already met with protests by some city officials and members of the city's cycling population, the paper said. "Bicycles are an environmentally friendly means of transportation that should not be banned," the paper quoted Zhao Guotong, an official of the Shanghai Economic Commission, as saying. Shanghai should instead "take firm control of the increasing numbers of private cars," Zhao was quoted as saying. Shanghai, with an urban population of about 20 million, has some 9 million bikes, the paper said. Numbers of new cycles in the city grew by 1 million this year, it said. Bicycles were long kings of the road in China, hailed by the country's communist leaders as the perfect proletarian transport: cheap, efficient and egalitarian. Like other cities, Shanghai, which boasted some of China's earliest bicycle factories, set aside special bike lanes on main roads and built bicycle parking lots outside offices, schools and public buildings. In recent years, though, Shanghai has developed into a center of China's burgeoning auto industry and growing affluence has spurred private car buying. Numbers of private vehicles in Shanghai nearly doubled to 142,801 at the end of last year, according to the National Bureau of Statistics. The figure is expected to top 200,000 by the end of this year, according to Shanghai media reports. That accounts for only a small percentage of vehicles on the road, though: Private automobiles are outnumbered six to one by busses, taxis, government cars, and commercial vehicles, according to the official newspaper Liberation Daily. City officials have attempted to rein in numbers of new cars by raising registration fees and restricting access to the city center. Nevertheless, police officials cited the need to control two wheelers as the key to reducing gridlock, accusing them of ignoring traffic lights and occupying vehicle lanes. "Bicycles put great pressure on the city's troubled traffic situation," Shanghai Daily quoted Chen, the police official, as saying. (c) The Australian -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://list.jca.apc.org/manage/private/sustran-discuss/attachments/20031209/bc8b174f/attachment.htm From kennaughkb at yahoo.com.au Wed Dec 10 11:38:46 2003 From: kennaughkb at yahoo.com.au (=?iso-8859-1?q?Kirk=20Bendall?=) Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2003 13:38:46 +1100 (EST) Subject: [sustran] Re: Auckland needs your help In-Reply-To: <003b01c3bde2$494f53e0$0201a8c0@lan> Message-ID: <20031210023846.53885.qmail@web21322.mail.yahoo.com> Hi Rory, good luck with your campign. have you heard of the West Island expression "Hobsons Choice - Buckleys and Nunn" It means no choice at all. best wishes with the campign. regards, kirk --- stem wrote: > Hi > Here in Auckland, New Zealand we are battling > against the City Council who want to destroy a > beautiful part of the city and replace it with a > motorway. See www.stem.org.nz for many more details. > > If you would like to help up please send an e-mail > to the following: > John Banks (mayor) 307 7585 mayor@akcity.govt.nz > Williams Cairns (Councillor, Hobson Ward ) 3792020 > cr.cairns@akcity.govt.nz > Scott Milne (Councillor, Hobson Ward ) (0274) 946 > 321 cr.milne@akcity.govt.nz > Victoria Carter 529 1121 cr.carter@akcity.govt.nz > Greg McKeown (Councillor & Chair of Transport > Committee) 630 1351 cr.mckeown@akcity.govt.nz > Juliet Yates (Councillor, Eastern Bays Ward ) 528 > 0581 cr.yates@akcity.govt.nz > Doug Armstrong (Councillor, Eastern Bays Ward ) > (025) 967 770 cr.armstrong@akcity.govt.nz > Bill Christian 527 8648 cr.christian@akcity.govt.nz > Sherryl McKelvie (0274) 744 431 > cr.mckelvie@akcity.govt.nz > > In the email please state > 1 - we oppose the construction of the uneccessary > Eastern Motorway > 2 - we would prefer Auckland to invest money in > public transport > 3 - enlightened cities are looking at ways of > eliminating the need for cars, not encouraging them. > > Also, please pass this email on to your friends. > Together we can make a difference. > > many thanks > webmaster STEM > > http://personals.yahoo.com.au - Yahoo! Personals New people, new possibilities. FREE for a limited time. From litman at vtpi.org Thu Dec 11 14:56:50 2003 From: litman at vtpi.org (Todd Alexander Litman) Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2003 21:56:50 -0800 Subject: [sustran] VTPI News, Fall 2003 Message-ID: <5.1.1.6.0.20031210215636.03dc5c08@mail.highspeedplus.com> ----------- VTPI NEWS ----------- Victoria Transport Policy Institute "Efficiency - Equity - Clarity" ------------------------------------ Fall 2003 Vol. 6, No. 4 ---------------------------------- The Victoria Transport Policy Institute is an independent research organization dedicated to developing innovative solutions to transportation problems. The VTPI website (www.vtpi.org) has many resources addressing a wide range of transport planning and policy issues. VTPI also provides consulting services. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ VTPI ONLINE TDM ENCYCLOPEDIA - UPDATES ====================================== The VTPI "Online TDM Encyclopedia" (http://www.vtpi.org/tdm) is the most comprehensive resource available anywhere to help identify and evaluate innovative management solutions to transport problems. We have been busy expanding and updating the Encyclopedia. Below are new chapters. Many other chapters have been updated and expanded. * "Asset Management" (http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm109.htm) Asset Management refers to policies and programs designed to preserve the value of assets such as vehicles, roads, parking facilities and buildings, which often support TDM. * "Multi-Modal Access Guides" (http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm113.htm) This chapter describes how to develop a Transportation Access Guide (TAG), which provides concise, customized directions to a particular destination by walking, cycling, driving and public transit. * "Change Management" (http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm114.htm) Change Management involves various attitudes, techniques and resources that support innovation and reform. Change Management recognizes that there tends to be inertia in existing institutions which must be overcome in order to implement innovative solutions and create more efficient, responsive and resilient systems. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ OTHER NEW DOCUMENTS =================== We have posted several important new documents on our website. William Vickrey, "Automobile Accidents, Tort Law, Externalities, and Insurance: An Economist?s Critique," originally published in Law and Contemporary Problems, 33, 1968 (http://www.vtpi.org/vic_acc.pdf). This is a seminal article concerning traffic accident costs and vehicle insurance pricing reform by Professor William Vickrey, winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize for economics. It describes how to determine the marginal accident costs of vehicle travel, identifies several problems associated with current insurance pricing and compensation practices, and proposes innovative solutions. It recommends distance-based pricing, that is, basing premiums directly on annual vehicle mileage. "Financing Transit Systems Through Value Capture: An Annotated Bibliography" (Previously titled: "Does Public Transit Service Raise Nearby Property Values Enough To Pay For Itself Were The Value Captured?") Jeffery J. Smith and Thomas A. Gihring (http://www.vtpi.org/smith.htm). This paper examines research on the land value impacts of public transit service, and particularly whether the value increases can repay some or all of public transit service costs. It summarizes the results of more than 70 studies. Many studies indicate significant increases in property values near transit stations, often representing enough incremental value and potential tax revenue to fund a significant portion of transit investment funding requirements. "Induced Travel Bibliography," By Robert Noland (http://www.vtpi.org/induced_bib.htm) This bibliography provides several dozen references concerning induced vehicle travel and its implications. Todd Litman, "Evaluating Criticism of Smart Growth" (www.vtpi.org/sgcritics.pdf), 2003. This paper evaluates criticisms of Smart Growth land use policies. It defines the concept of Smart Growth and the benefits it can provide. It examines various criticisms of Smart Growth. This analysis indicates that many claims by critics reflect an incomplete understanding of Smart Growth, and inaccurate analysis. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE =================== "Economic Value of Walkability," Transportation Research Record 1828, Transportation Research Board (www.trb.org), 2003, pp. 3-11; also available at the VTPI website (www.vtpi.org/walkability.pdf). This paper describes ways to quantify the value of walking (the activity) and walkability (the quality of walking conditions, including safety, comfort and convenience). Current transport planning practices tend to undervalue walking. More comprehensive analysis can increase public support for walking and other nonmotorized modes of travel. "Measuring Transportation: Traffic, Mobility and Accessibility," ITE Journal (www.ite.org), Vol. 73, No. 10, October 2003, pp. 28-32; available at the VTPI website (www.vtpi.org/measure.pdf). This article compares three approaches to measuring transportation system performance and discusses their effects on planning decisions. "Integrating Public Health Objectives in Transportation Decision-Making," American Journal of Health Promotion (www.healthpromotionjournal.com), Vol. 18, No. 1, Sept./Oct. 2003, pp. 103-108; also available at the VTPI website (www.vtpi.org/AJHP-litman.pdf). This editorial explores how transportation decision-making can better support public health objectives, including reduced crashes and pollution emissions, and more physical activity. Raising the priority of health objectives supports planning reforms that result in a more balanced transportation system. Integrating health objectives into transportation planning may be a cost-effective way to improve public health. "Mobility Management," Sustainable Transport Sourcebook, (http://www.vtpi.org/gtz_module.pdf), published by the Sustainable Urban Transport Project in Asia (www.sutp.org) and GTZ (www.gtz.de). The Sourcebook is a toolkit to help policy-makers develop more sustainable urban transportation systems. The full set of modules are now available in print, and some are posted at the SUTP website (http://www.sutp.org/publications.aspx). "Non-Motorized Transportation Demand Management," Sustainable Transport: Planning for Walking and Cycling in Urban Environments (Rodney Tolley, ed.), Woodhead Publishing Ltd (www.woodhead-publishing.com), 2003. This book includes more than four-dozen chapters by leading experts in nonmotorized transportation planning covering a wide range of issues. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PARKING MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICES ================================= As mentioned in our Summer newsletter, we are currently writing a "Parking Management Best Practices" book, to be published by Planners Press. We would like to find case studies and practioners? experience implementing any form of parking management strategies. Please let us know if you can help with this project. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BEEN THERE - DONE THAT ====================== During the last few months we have participated in several exciting events: * "TDM and Planning: Best Practices," Travel Smart Program, Melbourne, Australia, 24 November 2003. During this presentation a local planner described how he had used information posted on the VTPI website to overcome resistance to their parking management program and successfully implement new policies. It?s wonderful to receive such positive feedback! * "Valuing Non-Motorized Transport," keynote presentation at the Connecting Cycling Conference, 20 November 2003, Canberra, Australia (www.bfa.asn.au/conference/index.htm). A wonderful conference covering all aspects of bicycle planning and program development. * "Sustainable Mobility: Reducing Car Use through TDM and Least-Cost Planning," presented at the Institute for Sustainable Futures, Sydney, Australia, 19 November 2003. This workshop attracted a diverse range of transportation planning professionals from the Sydney region. * "TOD Parking Management: Balance Between Transit and TOD Parking," Rail~Volution (http://www.railvolution.com), Atlanta, Georgia, 13 September 2003. This presentation described ways to use management strategies to address parking problems around rail transit stations. * "Transit Supportive Policies: Mobility Management and Smart Growth To Increase BRT Ridership and Efficiency," presented at the Seminario Internacional Sobre Las Implicaciones Del Provecto De Corredores Ecxlusivos Para El Transporte Publico De La Ciudad De Mexico (International Seminar Concerning Implications of Dedicated Busways In Mexico City), 3 September 2003. Mexico City officials are planning to construct a Bus Rapid Transit system, similar to the successful TransMilenio Busway in Bogota, Columbia (www.transmilenio.gov.co) and Bus Rapid Transit in Curitiba, Brazil. Our presentation explored the benefits that such a system can provide, and identified transport and land use policies to help optimize these benefits. * "The Great Debate: Smart Growth Pro and Con," with Wendell Cox at the 2nd Urban Streets Symposium, Anaheim, California, 30 July 2003. This was an opportunity to examine and respond to criticisms of Smart Growth by a leading advocate of urban sprawl and automobile dependency. For more information see our paper "Evaluating Criticism of Smart Growth," described above. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PARTNERSHIPS ============ The Victoria Transport Policy Institute announces a new partnership with SIGEA (Sistemas Integrales de Gesti?n Ambiental or ?Integral Systems for Environmental Management?) in Mexico City. SIGEA is an established environmental management firm directed by Dr. Leonardo Mart?nez Flores. It will provide VTPI services directly in Mexico, and will work to promote sustainable transportation concepts among decision makers. Mexico is struggling with various problems resulting from growing motor vehicle traffic. Addressing these problems will require innovative management solutions to encourage more efficient use of transportation resources. This requires more comprehensive analysis to help identify the solutions that are most cost-effective overall, when all economic, social and environmental impacts are considered. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ UPCOMING EVENTS =============== Transportation Research Board (TRB) 83rd Annual Meeting (http://www.trb.org). The TRB Annual Meeting is a major international event held each January in Washington DC. This year it is likely to attract more than eight thousand transportation professionals from all over the world. It is an opportunity for people involved in a wide range of transportation research issues to exchange information and collaborate on projects. VTPI is involved in several sessions. * Workshop 121 "Best Practices in Value Pricing," Sunday, January 11, 2004, 8:30 AM - 5:30 PM, Hilton. Litman: 'Economic Theory and Pricing Reforms' and 'Non-facility Transportation Pricing Reforms' * Session 421 "London: Pricing Sustainable Urban Transport," Hilton, Tuesday, 8:009:45 AM. Litman: session coordinator (For an overview see http://www.vtpi.org/london.pdf ). * Session 629 "Segway Technology and Experience," Hilton, Wednesday, 8:009:45 AM. Litman & Blair: 'Managing Personal Mobility Devices in Nonmotorized Facilities' (04-2286) * Session 698, "Nonmotorized Transport: Asia and Africa," Wednesday, January 14, 2004, 2:30 PM - 4:00 PM, Hilton. Litman: 'Emerging Research Issues in Nonmotorized Transport'(P04-1120) 3rd Annual New Partners for Smart Growth Conference (http://www.outreach.psu.edu/C&I/SmartGrowth) Portland, Oregon, January 22-24, 2004 On-line registration is now open for the 3rd Annual New Partners for Smart Growth Conference. This multidisciplinary event will highlight cutting-edge smart-growth issues and will feature the latest research, implementation tools and strategies, successful case studies, new partners, new projects, and new policies. Pro Walk - Pro Bike Victoria 2004, September 7 10, 2004, Victoria, British Columbia (http://www.bikewalk.org). Next year, the major bi-annual international walking and cycling conference will be held in our home town, Victoria, BC. The National Center for Bicycling and Walking (NCBW) in Washington, DC is preparing the call for papers for the Pro Walk Pro Bike conference, on the theme of "Creating Active Communities", to focus on the link between community design and health. Pro Walk - Pro Bike is a forum for sharing practical solutions, best practices and successful strategies for supporting healthy and sustainable lifestyles and transportation choices. It will both inspire participants and provide them with specific, hands-on tools for making more walkable and bicycle-friendly communities. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ USEFUL RESOURCES ================ European Transport Pricing Initiative Newsletter (http://www.mcicam.net/MCICAM-news.pdf) is produced by MC-ICAM, a pricing reform research project. Dom Nozzi, "Road to Ruin: An Introduction to Sprawl and How To Cure It," Praeger (www.praeger.com), 2003. This book, written by a senior planner, discusses how automobile dependency results in sprawled land use, and the economic, social and environmental costs that result. It discusses the costs of sprawl, and recommends specific policy and planning reforms to create more efficient land use patterns and more balanced transportation systems, including various mobility management strategies, walkable communities, improved street design, and development regulatory reform. Provides recommended development standards for urban centers, suburbs and rural areas. Douglas Kolozsvari and Donald Shoup, "Turning Small Change Into Big Changes," ACCESS 23, University of California Transportation Center (www.uctc.net), Fall 2003, pp. 2-7. Whether you are interested in urban redevelopment, parking management, transportation demand management, or transportation pricing reform, you should enjoy this short but sweet article describing the success of Old Pasadena?s downtown redevelopment financed by parking meter revenue. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Please let us know if you have comments or questions about any information in this newsletter, or if you would like to be removed from our mailing list. And please pass this newsletter on to others who may find it useful. NOTE: Please use our current email address (litman@vtpi.org or info@vtpi.org), rather than litman@islandnet.com, which will be discontinued in the future. Sincerely, Todd Litman, Director Victoria Transport Policy Institute "Efficiency - Equity - Clarity" 1250 Rudlin Street Victoria, BC, V8V 3R7, Canada Phone & Fax: 250-360-1560 Email: litman@vtpi.org Website: http://www.vtpi.org From czegras at MIT.EDU Fri Dec 12 07:24:05 2003 From: czegras at MIT.EDU (P. Christopher Zegras) Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2003 17:24:05 -0500 Subject: [sustran] Private Sector Development of Busways Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.2.20031211172114.03d64dd0@po9.mit.edu> Hi friends. Does anybody have any information on the use of private sector concessions (e.g., Build-Operate-Transfer) for the development of busways? I am familiar with the attempts to use this delivery mechanism to develop busways in Brazil (as documented in papers by Rebelo at the World Bank), but am wondering if any other examples exist? Thanks and regards, Chris Zegras From whook at itdp.org Fri Dec 12 08:12:44 2003 From: whook at itdp.org (Walter Hook) Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2003 18:12:44 -0500 Subject: [sustran] Re: Private Sector Development of Busways References: <5.1.0.14.2.20031211172114.03d64dd0@po9.mit.edu> Message-ID: <00b501c3c03c$49486d80$6801a8c0@WALTER> dear chris, the big example of this was in San Salvador. it almost got off the ground but was disrupted by flooding. Gerhard knows as much about this as anybody. I know someting about the Brazil story also, at least in Sao Paulo, though it was not for a busway but only bus infrastructure investment from busway companies in exchange for long term exclusive route licenses. It should be in my trip report from April, which i think i sent you. Basically, it all went up in smoke because the govt changed, the new govt did not honor the committments of the former govt, they allowed competition in the lanes, and there were big riots and fights. Because of the difficulty in Brazil in enforcing non-compliance with contracts in the Brazilan legal system, this model is now viewed with great skepticism in Brazil. We've thought a lot about it, though, the the case of the estado do mexico. May be relevant in the case of Dakar, also. best w. ----- Original Message ----- From: "P. Christopher Zegras" To: Sent: Thursday, December 11, 2003 5:24 PM Subject: [sustran] Private Sector Development of Busways > Hi friends. > > Does anybody have any information on the use of private sector concessions > (e.g., Build-Operate-Transfer) for the development of busways? I am > familiar with the attempts to use this delivery mechanism to develop > busways in Brazil (as documented in papers by Rebelo at the World Bank), > but am wondering if any other examples exist? > > Thanks and regards, > > Chris Zegras > From MATTHEWT at iadb.org Sat Dec 13 01:37:27 2003 From: MATTHEWT at iadb.org (Tank, Matthew Jordan) Date: Fri, 12 Dec 2003 11:37:27 -0500 Subject: [sustran] busways in Central America Message-ID: Hi Chris, The San Salvador corridor construction and financing is on hold until the change in govt. next June 2004. There are, however, advanced plans on feasibility and regulatory set up underway, financed by IDB. The corridor is an E-W over 16KM, and has very solid ridership projections (200,000/day). The VMT is coordinating; contact me directly if you need to talk to the coordinator. San Jose is also moving forward on a bus corridor as well. This is projected to go forward in 2004 as a pilot. It also has very solid prospects for ridership and the concessioning is much easier since there is only one operator currently (this aspect is probably the most difficult thing to master: how to move from multiple transportistas and piratas to a unified concession scheme on any given corridor without causing riots/strikes/social chaos, etc. ) Matthew Matthew Jordan Tank Especialista de Infraestructura Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo Representaci?n de Costa Rica Email: matthewt@iadb.org Paseo Col?n, Calles 38-40, Oficentro Col?n, Piso 12 - BID San Jos?, Costa Rica Tel: 233-3244, ext. 209 FAX: 233-1840 PS: It's been a long time since Santiago since we last met (Feb. 1995 I think...) -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://list.jca.apc.org/manage/private/sustran-discuss/attachments/20031212/6298ad0e/attachment.htm From kisansbc at vsnl.com Sun Dec 14 11:57:08 2003 From: kisansbc at vsnl.com (Kisan Mehta) Date: Sun, 14 Dec 2003 08:27:08 +0530 Subject: [sustran] SUVs in developing countries -sure road lillers References: <200312140016.hBE0Gmvb005214@abn30.prod.google.com> Message-ID: <002401c3c1ed$f6c01820$3226020a@im.eth.net> Dear Colleagues, Invasion of SUVs (we still know smaller versions of SUVs as Station Wagons) on pavementless roads encroached by double parked vehicles, hawkers and overflowing with literally thousands of pedestrians in urban settlements in the developing countries increases road accidents terribly. The World Bank actively supported this situation in Mumbai by giving liberal loan for constructing highways within crowded city and reducing the public bus services. The Bank admits that Mumbai has a very high road accident ratio and that pedestrians form 95% of the victims. Daily death on roads and railway tracks is on average 10 and 25 respectively. The Bank is now considering another loan request for constructng on the only two arterial roads 20-30 km long elevated roads that will remove the last pavements and increase pedestian deaths making way for SUVs. This is how the Bank wants to help in reducing poverty. Best wishes Kisan Mehta Tel: 00 91 22 24149688 4X4S more than twice as deadly for pedestrians Sunday Herald, UK ... There are very few legitimate reasons why people living in urban Scotland need ... > Rise in 'off-road' vehicles causes concern as research reveals their design results in higher risk of fatalities, especially among children By Rob Edwards, Environment Editor (excerpted version below) LARGE 4x4 vehicles that are growing in popularity on UK roads have been exposed as more than twice as lethal to pedestrians than normal cars. Authoritative new research by US scientists shows that when the high-fronted, wide-bodied vehicles, also known as SUVs (sports utility vehicles), crash into children or adults they are far more likely to cause head and chest injuries, and these are much more likely to be fatal. Dozens of children in the US are run over and killed every year by large vehicles reversing. The accidents often happen in their own driveways, and the drivers are often their own parents or carers. Ordinary cars, whose profiles are lower and less blunt, tend to cause more leg and lower body injuries which are less life-threatening, and they have lower blind spots when reversing. SUVs are used more often for urban errands than countryside sports. They have been dubbed the "axles of evil" by environmentalists because of the large amounts of fuel they consume and the huge amounts of pollution they cause. In the UK, there were 135,000 SUVs bought last year, and their share of the market is rapidly expanding. Almost 5% of all car sales are now SUVs, up from 3% on 10 years ago. In the US, more than half of the passenger vehicles bought are SUVs, pick-up trucks or vans. The UK can learn much from US experience, particularly from the 5000 pedestrians killed each year in road accidents. "What has happened here is an early warning for what to expect there," Clay Gabler, an associate professor in the department of mechanical engineering at Rowan University in Glassboro, New Jersey, told the Sunday Herald. Along with his colleague Devon Lefler, Gabler analysed three major databases on US traffic accidents over the last decade. The first thing he discovered was that while the number of pedestrians killed by cars decreased between 1991 and 2000, the number killed by SUVs, pick-up trucks and vans increased by 10%. Focusing on the 89% of accidents that involved a single vehicle and a single pedestrian, he then calculated the number of pedestrian fatalities per 1000 crashes by type of vehicle, between 1995 and 2000. The results clearly showed that the larger and more blunt-fronted the vehicle was, the more likely it was to kill. So while 4.5% of pedestrians struck by a car died, the figure rose to 7.8% when they were hit by a small SUV, and 11.5% when hit by a large one. "Pedestrians struck by large SUVs are twice as likely to die as pedestrians struck by cars," Gabler and Lefler concluded in a study published in the journal, Accident Analysis & Prevention, and reported by New Scientist. When they further analysed the data, they found that the types of injuries inflicted by SUVs and other large vehicles were more likely to be fatal. Gabler said his study was the first to quantify the increased risk of death to pedestrians from SUVs and other large vehicles, though he stressed it was not their size or weight that mattered, so much as their shape. "The more geometrically blunt they are, the greater the fatality risk," he said. The new study has prompted pleas from motoring organisations and environmentalists for people to avoid buying off-road vehicles for use in built-up areas. "You would need to think carefully about buying that sort of vehicle for urban use," said John Stubbs, head of technical policy with the AA Motoring Trust. He accepted that SUVs may be more lethal to pedestrians, though he argued it was less of a problem in the UK than in the US. But he admitted the fuel they burn and pollution they emit meant they were "not very satisfactory" passenger vehicles. "We have known for some time that SUVs guzzle fuel and poison the air we breathe. However, this study demonstrates that in our towns and cities they can have a much more immediate and deadly impact," said Duncan McLaren, chief executive of Friends of the Earth Scotland. "Such shocking findings should make any buyer think twice before purchasing an SUV. There are very few legitimate reasons why people living in urban Scotland need such polluting and deadly vehicles. Dropping the kids off at school isn't one of them." The fronts of the vehicles are described as "unfriendly" and the performance of one manufacturer dismissed as "dismal". In September, 23-month-old Jaxson Swank of South Bend, Indiana, died after he was run over by his nanny, Lindsay Reed, reversing an SUV up his driveway. The accident was blamed by experts on the difficulty of seeing infants at the back of large vehicles. "In the US at least 58 children were backed over and killed last year, often by a relative in their own driveway, and often by a larger vehicle such as an SUV," said Janette Fennell, founder of the US lobby group, Kids And Cars. 14 December 2003 ?2003 newsquest (sunday herald) limited. all rights reserved . > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - From pascaldesmond at eircom.net Mon Dec 15 04:20:27 2003 From: pascaldesmond at eircom.net (Pascal Desmond) Date: Sun, 14 Dec 2003 20:20:27 +0100 Subject: [sustran] "World Transport Policy & Practice" Volume 9, Number 2, 2003 now available Message-ID: Volume 9, Number 2, 2003 of "World Transport Policy & Practice", a quarterly journal edited by Professor John Whitelegg, is available free of charge as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file at http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/WTPPhome.html Contents of Volume 9, Number 2, 2003: The Global Tyranny of Roads: Observations from Mumbai & Melbourne Nicholas Low & Swapna Banerjee-Guha Slow Vehicle Traffic is a more Attractive Alternative to Fast Vehicle Traffic than Public Transport Gert Marte Benchmarking & European Sustainable Transport Policies Henrik Gudmundsson Time to Change the Old Paradigm: Promoting Sustainable Urban Transport in Lahore, Pakistan Muhammad Imran & Nicholas Low Local mobility management & urban renewal in public-private-partnership - the example of the 'Car reduced living in an existing residential area at Johannesplatz in Halle/Saale' demonstration Oscar Reutter ***** DOWNLOAD ADVICE If you are using Windows, please ensure that you 'right click' your mouse. This will download the file to your desktop for viewing off-line. This is standard Windows procedure for downloading files. ***** World Transport Policy & Practice Eco-Logica Ltd., 53 Derwent Road, LANCASTER, LA1 3ES. U.K. telephone +44 1524 63175 Editor: Professor John Whitelegg Business manager: Pascal Desmond http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/WTPPhome.html From paulbarter at nus.edu.sg Tue Dec 16 11:59:40 2003 From: paulbarter at nus.edu.sg (Barter, Paul) Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2003 10:59:40 +0800 Subject: [sustran] Fwd: text of Sustainable Transport E-Update No. 11 Message-ID: <42F08B8662756D428F2811F53C6A93F59C992F@MBXSRV04.stf.nus.edu.sg> The latest Sustainable Transport E-Update No. 11 in text only. For the full stories and information on how to get the pretty, full colour, illustrated version in future go to http://www.itdp.org/STe/ste11/index.html -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Bulletin of the Institute for Transportation & Development Policy (ITDP) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Guangzhou Launches Unique Citizen-Directed Traffic Enforcement Program The Guangzhou, China, traffic police have enlisted average citizens as partners in the fight against drivers who break traffic rules. For several months, the traffic department has offered RMB20 for photos of traffic violations that lead to successfully imposed fines. The innovative enforcement program, which tracks drivers based on vehicle license plates, was an initiative created by the head of Guangzhou's traffic police. FULL STORY Shanghai Plans City-wide Bicycle Ban While other cities attempt to improve air quality, public health and congestion problems by encouraging cycling and restricting automobile use, one of the world's most bicycle-friendly cities is banning them. Shanghai papers reported this week that the city plans to ban bicycles from all major roads next year, clearing space for private vehicles to ease the city's mounting congestion. Police will also raise fines tenfold for such cycling infractions as running red lights. FULL STORY In Brazil, Experts Build the Case for Congestion Pricing, BRT ITDP's newly formed Brazil program, supported by the Hewlett Foundation, recently organized a series of seminars in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, featuring former Bogot?, Colombia Mayor Enrique Pe?alosa and Derek Turner, who headed Transport for London's congestion pricing program. FULL STORY Cape Town's Danile Landingwe Speaks out for Sustainable Transport Cape Town's Executive Councilor, Danile Landingwe (photo), has emerged as one of Africa's most vociferous proponents of sustainable transportation. Councilor Landingwe and Tasneem Essop, the Provincial Minister of Transport, (both of whom visited Bogot? in November, 2002) are working together to actualize Africa's first sustainable transportation corridor. FULL STORY Africa-Wide Sustainable Transport Network Launched A workshop to launch the Sustainable Transport Action Network (SUSTRAN) for Africa was held on September 8-10. The workshop was organized by the United Nations Programme for Human Settlements (UN Habitat), Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) and the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). FULL STORY Editor: Lisa Peterson Executive Director: Walter Hook -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sustainable Transport e-Update is published by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP) mobility@itdp.org -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://list.jca.apc.org/manage/private/sustran-discuss/attachments/20031216/20bdeeac/attachment.htm From kisansbc at vsnl.com Wed Dec 17 11:50:10 2003 From: kisansbc at vsnl.com (Kisan Mehta) Date: Wed, 17 Dec 2003 08:20:10 +0530 Subject: [sustran] Fuel cell powered buses delivered to London Transport for improving air quality References: <200312161751.hBGHpOgV025473@abn30.prod.google.com> Message-ID: <000401c3c448$7cb916a0$3226020a@im.eth.net> Dear Friends, I am sure that many of you are aware of this development. Yet I am venturing to forward to our group. Mumbai suffers from air pollution. Auto exhaust accounts for 83% of air pollution. Yet Mumbai residents cannot think of adopting innovations that reduce autoexhaust. The World Bank in the assistance to the Mumbai Urban Transport Project, has laid down difficult-to-implement conditions on the municipalised BEST bus services and provided unrestricted licence to private personal motor cars and heavy duty vehicles to roam freely and cause further pollution and increase road accidents in which as conceded by the Bank 95% of victims are pedestrians. There are daily on avareage 10 deaths on roads and 25 on railway tracks. This clearly was not the conern of the Bank at the time of extending generous loan for highway construction for motorised vehicles. Best wishes. Kisan Mehta *********************** CUTE buses arrive in London 16 December 2003 Author: Stefan Geiger, Fuel Cell Today Provider: Fuel Cell Today Today, transport authorities in London have received three fuel cell powered buses as part of the European Union CUTE (Clean Urban Transport for Europe) project. The vehicles were handed over by Dennis Campbell, CEO of fuel cell manufacturer Ballard and Wolfgang Presinger, representative of bus manufacturer EvoBus (part of DaimlerChrysler) to London's mayor Ken Livingstone and public transport company 'First' representative Leon Daniels. The City of London will operate the fuel cell buses on a central London bus route between Oxford Circus and Ilford; beginning in January 2004. The buses will be refuelled at a 'First' bus depot in North-London. Unfortunately, the station has not been completed so far. Until then, refuelling will take place at a nearby gas distribution centre of industrial gas producer BOC. Another partner in London is BP, which will run the refuelling station later. The City of London is one of ten cities participating in the European Fuel Cell Bus Project, which will see 30 fuel cell buses operating on the roads of Europe over the next two years. To date, buses involved in the European Fuel Cell Bus Project have operated for more than 5,700 hours and have traveled over 83,000 kilometers. The 30 Mercedes-Benz Citaro buses equipped with 205 kW Ballard(R) fuel cell engines will be driven on the roads in ten different cities in Europe, including Amsterdam, Barcelona, Hamburg, London, Luxembourg, Madrid, Porto, Reykjavik, Stockholm and Stuttgart. These fuel cell buses will be driven by regular transit bus drivers, carrying passengers in daily service in each city. Apart from Porto, all other cities have now received their vehicles. "Ballard is proud to be powering the largest fleet of fuel cell buses in the world today," said Dennis Campbell, Ballard's President and Chief Executive Officer. "Hundreds of thousands of people will have the opportunity to experience first-hand the clean, quiet and comfortable ride of these zero-emission buses. After the official press conference, representatives of the media had the chance to enjoy a smooth ride through central London. The launch of the buses in London is probably even more significant than in other cities, since so far, there has been only one working fuel cell system in operation in the UK. ***************** From info at carbusters.org Tue Dec 23 21:37:11 2003 From: info at carbusters.org (info@carbusters.org) Date: Tue, 23 Dec 2003 13:37:11 +0100 Subject: [sustran] China Message-ID: <3FE84507.8338.9AF58D@localhost> Hi, Reading the recent articles on the tightening of the Shanghai bike ban, we here at Car Busters magazine thought that it would be interesting to publish a story (or interview) about the current situation in China regarding the increases in private car use. Of course, this is quite general, as the situation in Beijing, for example, is likely radically different than the one in Shanghai. Still, we were hoping that someone on this listserv might be able to direct us towards people - NGO workers, activists, academics, etc. - who we could correspond with and who could talk to us about some of the issues around car ownership (e.g. bike use, urban development, cultural/economic/historical shifts/influencing factors. etc.). Any help would be greatly appreciated. happy new year, Steven Logan Co-Editor, Car Busters magazine ____________________________________________ CAR BUSTERS Kratka 26, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic tel: +(420) 274-810-849 - fax: +(420) 274-816-727 - ____________________________________________ Car Busters Worldwide Contact Directory Register your group on-line now: Car Busters Resource Centre Consume now! Order books, videos and more: From kisansbc at vsnl.com Thu Dec 25 11:09:17 2003 From: kisansbc at vsnl.com (Kisan Mehta) Date: Thu, 25 Dec 2003 07:39:17 +0530 Subject: [sustran] Fw Provide higher speed speed to vehicles to tackle poverty! Message-ID: <001301c3ca8c$19f93320$3226020a@im.eth.net> Dear Colleagues, Providing uninterrupted speed to vehicles results in higher accidents yet the authorites plan for super highways within cities and expressways cutting through rural areas. Following study is extremely relevant. The World Bank bemoans high road accident rate in Mumbai, a city of 12 million plus residents yet has extended liberal loan for Mumbai Urban Transport Project. in which construction of expressways and flyovers predominate. Now six lane carriageways are increased to eight with no pavements. The Bank further records that pedestrians form 95% of accident victims and turned down citizen request for construction of pavements. Is this how the poverty is reduced and air quality through increased air chhaust is worsened Best wishes.. Kisan Mehta ****************************** December 25, 2003 Study: Higher Speed Limits, More Deaths WASHINGTON - States that raised their speed limits to 70 mph or more have seen a big jump in traffic deaths, according to a report Monday by an auto safety group. Some 1,880 more people died between 1996 and 1999 in the 22 states with higher speed limits, said the study, compiled by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, funded by insurers. It was based on data collected by the Land Transport Safety Authority of New Zealand. Congress repealed the 55 mph national speed limit in November 1995. An institute researcher said New Zealand did the study because groups are questioning whether to raise the country's speed limit, which is 100 kilometers per hour. "There's a significant societal cost," said Allan Williams, the institute's chief scientist, who said drivers often think a speeding ticket is the worst that can happen. Supporters of higher speed limits pointed out that federal highway data show the nation's vehicle fatality rate fell each year from 1996 and 1999, from 1.69 deaths per million miles traveled to 1.55 deaths. "We've moved toward a transportation system where cars are a lot safer and there are better measures like guard rails on highways," said Stephen Moore, a proponent of limited government and president of the Club for Growth. "We've made it safer to drive at faster speeds." Institute researcher Susan Ferguson agreed that other factors are making highways safer, and that the nation's death rate dropped as a whole. But she said the study expands upon institute studies from the late 1990s, which showed a 12 to 15 percent increase in deaths when speed limits rise. The study said the 10 states that raised limits to 75 mph - all in the Midwest and West - had 38 percent more deaths per million miles driven than states with 65-mph limits. That's approximately 780 more deaths. The 12 states which raised their limits to 70 mph include California, Florida, North Carolina and Missouri. They saw a 35 percent increase - some 1,100 additional deaths. The report didn't examine the effects of other trends, such as the tendency to drive faster in rural states where cities are far apart. Nor did it analyze the increasing number of sport utility vehicles on the road in the late 1990s. A separate review of six states by the institute found drivers are traveling faster than any time since the institute began collecting data in 1987. Researchers observed in Colorado, which has a 75-mph speed limit, one in four drivers going above 80 mph. In California, where the speed limit is 70 mph, one in five drivers was clocked at 80 mph. The institute's study of speeds in Georgia, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Mexico, Colorado and California also found that when rates are raised on rural interstates, speeding increased on urban interstates. Average travel speeds on urban interstates in Atlanta, Boston and Washington were the same as or higher than on rural interstates near those cities, even though the speed limits on those urban interstates were 55 mph. In Atlanta, 78 percent of drivers on one urban interstate exceeded 70 mph, the report found. Institute President Brian O'Neill said tolerance of speeding and advertising that encourages drivers to speed is part of the problem. He pointed out a Dodge ad that invited consumers to "Burn rubber." "It's up to drivers to obey speed limits, but the manufacturers aren't helping with ads that equate going fast with having fun," O'Neill said. Copyright 2003 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. From tpanswad at tei.or.th Thu Dec 25 18:57:03 2003 From: tpanswad at tei.or.th (Thongchai Panswad) Date: Thu, 25 Dec 2003 16:57:03 +0700 Subject: [sustran] subscribe Message-ID: <006201c3cacd$73c98940$5c739acb@xx> pls send messages to my new address. My former one was tpanswad@tei.or.th -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://list.jca.apc.org/manage/private/sustran-discuss/attachments/20031225/feb64e93/attachment.htm