From rverzola at phil.gn.apc.org Wed Jul 1 06:41:44 1998 From: rverzola at phil.gn.apc.org (Roberto Verzola) Date: Wed, 01 Jul 1998 06:41:44 Subject: [asia-apec 502] (ICT-JOBS): List Summary June 8 - 15, Message-ID: <199806302226.GAA15590@phil.gn.apc.org> The lively panel discussion in May has generated a thoughtful and informative global debate. Highlights from each week's discussion will be posted periodically, and an overall summary will be sent to all ICT-JOBS members after the conclusion of the discussion on July 3rd. This message attempts to summarize briefly the major discussion points raised during the first week of the open discussion. We invite your comments or conclusions. The debate must close July 3rd, so only one week remains for you to join in the discussion! SOME HIGHLIGHTS of the OPEN DISCUSSION: WEEK 1 (June 8th - June 15th, 1998) I. ICT and Jobs: Creator and/ or Destroyer? 1. Several participants saw varying degrees and directions of change caused by ICT. One perspective views ICT as a catalyst in opening up new markets in both developing and developed countries without changing the required level of job skills. This impact is generally realised where there is an educated (i.e., literate) workforce, preferably one with sufficient familiarity with ICT to enable them to gain computer skills easily. Alternatively, some believe that ICT does cause structural change, with development of new products and the associated demand for new skills; this is often the case for cross-border electronic commerce. Yet a third type of ICT impact is not creation of new jobs but rather the demand for new skills within existing jobs, e.g., journalism. In such cases, the jobs already exist in developing countries, but evolution toward new skills within those jobs is limited by the economic activity level and the education level. 2. One concern expressed by some members is that job creation due to ICTs is incidental and takes considerable time, while job elimination is an inevitable and fairly rapid result of introducing ICTs. Furthermore, new jobs created by ICT tend to be short-lived as they are eventually replaced by ongoing advances in technology. An alternative viewpoint proposed that ICT initially destroys jobs in older sectors, but eventually creates jobs in new sectors. It is therefore important for governments to develop policies and programs that expand new job-related sectors as new technologies are introduced. There was also confidence that certain social sectors of production would never be replaced by ICTs because the human element is key to their nature. In such cases, most notably in the entertainment industry, ICT causes expansion into new forms of production. 3. A further refinement of the explanation of ICT impact proposed that there are multiplier effects of ICT on both job creation and destruction. In some cases ICT can cause a virtuous cycle of innovation, as seen in Silicon Valley, when increased prosperity of the local region leads to regeneration of other industries. In contrast, a vicious cycle of innovation occurs when ICT results in job losses in one sector, such as heavy industry, leading to further losses in other sectors. 4. Many members agreed that the impact of ICT is not an inevitable result of the technology but rather depends on how it is introduced by those who control resources and jobs. For example, ICT adoption can lead to process innovation that requires less labour, thereby causing workers to become redundant. In contrast, ICT can be used to create new goods and services, thereby generating new jobs. Similarly, new technology can be used to upskill as well as deskill the labour force, depending on how it is introduced. 5. ICT facilitates the relocation of jobs, resulting in a loss of jobs in one area and a gain in another. The result can accentuate local differences and exacerbate regional polarisation, as employers take advantage of ICTs to shift operations to locations with an abundance of specialists. It is therefore more useful to consider what the new employers extract from and contribute to the local economy, rather than to attempt to quantify the overall change in employment patterns. Positive contributions include the provision of training and the transfer of technology to locals; examples of negative extraction are the consumption of scarce resources, and destruction of clean environment. 6. The social implications of new forms of work were also discussed. Job relocation is often highly disruptive to family life, and needs to be addressed. Increasingly, blue collar, as well as white collar workers now have to relocate globally in search of jobs. The migrant population in big cities was cited as one example of a vulnerable and dislocated workforce. It was agreed that unions will have a greater role to play across borders in preventing worker exploitation. II. Telework and Organizational Change 1. Telework, as the discussion demonstrated, is not easy to define. One broad definition includes all forms of work in which ICT is used to conduct tasks away from the company site. Using this definition, almost a third of workers in industrialized countries can be considered teleworkers. A dissenting view argued, however, that use of ICT to sell goods or increase proximity to economic centres should not be included in the term teleworking. A narrower definition of teleworking includes only those who are using ICT on a regular basis to conduct work that ordinarily would be conducted on-site; using this definition, all countries can be considered "developing" insofar as their use of ICT for teleworking is concerned. Participants broadly agreed that teleworking will increase, but differed in the extent to which they felt that telework will affect the workplace. 2. Some perceived telework as a condition imposed on workers by business management that, driven by profit-seeking, want to reap the benefits of increased efficiency, flexibility, and competitiveness. It was also suggested that telework can be a tool used by employers to undermine the strength of unions. In contrast, expanded use of ICT by workers may help them to share (some would say expose) information about employers' actions as well as to organise across geographic areas. 3. It was suggested that the future direction of telework is toward "virtual environments," in which the environment within which one works/provides a service is itself manipulated. An alternative view countered, perhaps comfortingly, that as long as human needs are satisfied by material goods and services, the majority of jobs in production and distribution remain non-teleworkable. As such, face-to-face service will continue to play a significant role in jobs of the future. It was generally agreed that the direction in which telework will develop is still uncertain, as the effect on human performance after extended periods of immersion in such environments has yet to be understood. Moreover, telework will be influenced by legal and ethical disciplines which have lagged behind the technological advances. III. Use of ICT in development 1. Participants agreed that the lack of basic infrastructure in developing countries makes teleworking difficult - perhaps unsuitable - in developing countries. Many expressed the view that efforts must be made to develop good quality basic telecommunications infrastructure and improve the IT and managerial skills of workers in developed countries; otherwise, the gap between North and South will continue to widen. Exacerbating this gap is the fact the major resource of Southern countries is their labour force, which (due to economic/political/physical constraints) cannot be moved as fast as technology and capital, the chief resource of developed countries. 2. Other ICT-related factors contribute to widening socio-economic gaps. Many perceived "bubble economies" as contributing to expanding gaps within and between countries. Often, multinational corporations (MNCs) fund the development of advanced enclaves in developing countries, while moving creative tasks to the North. Another set of factors involves legal trade mechanisms, e.g., protectionist measures such as copyright laws, were perceived to extract wealth from the South while protecting wealth of the North, much as colonialism did. It was noted that ICT can also expand gaps within countries, e.g., when non-globalized Brazilian firms shift high-end work to more developed areas within the country, resulting in job loss for less developed areas. 3. An important consideration is the impact that ICT will have on communities that have yet to be influenced by ICT adoption. Many jobs in the South are characterised by minimal use of ICTs and strong reliance on communal interests. One attribute of traditional work is the ease with which people are mobilized, because work is based on coexistence and sustainability, the foundations of good governance. When ICT is introduced, it is important to safeguard the environment of information-sharing and participation and the values of rural dwellers. Consideration of these issues raises the question of how ICT can be used to support good governance. IV. Education and Training for the Information Age 1. It was generally agreed that those who had the ability to continue learning would benefit most from ICT, although the full potential of ICT will be realised not by today's workers, but by their children. A system of public education beginning at the primary levels must be instituted in order to prepare the next generation for ICT-related jobs. It was argued that the countries using the education system to foster ICT skills will enjoy the greatest employment gains. One issue that must be addressed is how the cost of training should be divided among governments, companies and the individual. 2. Several participants suggested ways in which education might use and be affected by ICTs in the future. Distance delivery of university courses may well become commonplace. A participant warned that, as a result, developed countries may gain a monopoly over education, as they have over technology resources. It was emphasised that teachers, as well as students, need to be trained in ICT skills. **LAST WEEK OF THE GLOBAL DEBATE** The discussion thus far has identified many problems and new issues arising from the impact of ICT on Jobs and Work. What solutions can particpants suggest? How can we chart future issues and priorities? The Global Debate ends July 3rd. Please let us hear from you! From rverzola at phil.gn.apc.org Wed Jul 1 06:36:47 1998 From: rverzola at phil.gn.apc.org (Roberto Verzola) Date: Wed, 01 Jul 1998 06:36:47 Subject: [asia-apec 503] (ICT-JOBS): SUMMARY OF THEME 1: ICT AND JOBS: Message-ID: <199806302226.GAA15589@phil.gn.apc.org> I'd like to share with the asia-apec list some points raised in an extended online discussion on the impact on labor of new information and communications technologies (ICT). The debate shows how ICT will play a major role in causing changes in the future workplace, which supports my earlier suggestion to include ICT among the topics for the People's Forum on APEC in Malaysia. Obet Verzola ------------------- THEME 1 - ICT - CREATOR OR DESTROYER OF JOBS * * * SUMMARY OF THE DISCUSSION 1. With important exceptions, most panellists agreed that ICT both created and destroyed jobs and that the net, long term result tilted toward its propensity to create work rather than to destroy it. 2. An attempt was made to set the creator/destroyer issue in the theoretical frameworks developed by Schumpter and Kondratiev, which predict that we should now be emerging from the job suppression stage to enter the creation stage. But the pace and pervasiveness of ICT resist theoretical packaging. In addition, the pace of change, and the rapid obsolescence of products and skills could make new jobs risky, so militating against job creation. 3. Several panellists suggested that ICT's impact on employment was not determined by technology itself but was the result of social and organizational choices made by employers and national policy-makers. Where the labour-force was seen less as a cost to be minimized, and more as a key competitive asset, the creative aspect of technology was likely to come uppermost. Corporate values, behaviour and *tradition*, and their response to consumer and stakeholder pressure were also seen as important determinants of *desirable or despicable outcomes*. Theme 3, which looks at the new business environment will address this issue in greater depth. 4. Panellists also suggested that arguments for and against technology's impact on jobs were informed by whether evidence was sought at the macro-level of the economy (eg. through jobs research or through industry level accounts of labour shortage (which tended to be optimistic)) or at the micro-level where anecdotal evidence highlighted the highly differential impact that the high tech boom was having regionally, or on particular categories of workers including women and older workers. 5. Others felt that constituency, background and personal experience could also colour attitudes towards ICT. Based on experience, trade unions, like the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), considered it the *job destroyer par excellence*: the *grim digital reaper*. Anecdotal evidence, even from computer-literate professionals who have lost their jobs and cannot find others, also suggested that ICT is destructive. Panellists concerned with productivity, considered the "elimination of non-productive jobs ... a good trend, generally", but others felt that this was one reason why technology was feared as a job destroyer. 6. Reality was more complex. While some jobs based on traditional work processes and skills were indeed falling victim to ICT, new products and services were creating new jobs, and even labour shortages in some sectors. The brain drain among highly-skilled information workers in some developing countries, and the selective immigration quotas of others, were cited as manifestations of this trend. 7. Several panellists argued that, in the final analysis, all new work methods and technological innovations enhance society and the economy to a greater degree than they destroy. Positive spin-offs of ICT include new communications-related jobs; telemarketing which is being used to reach beyond limited local markets (as in the case of Japanese strawberry farmers and Ghanian microentrepreneurs); information on jobs and new types of work which is being used to create new business ventures including consultancy and business services; and teleworking which could facilitate the decentralization of jobs, even off-shore. The flexibility of location and time offered by some of these new work options were creating fresh opportunities, particularly for traditionally disadvantaged workers, such as women, but were also throwing up new challenges such as growing polarization (even between different groups of women), the erosion of bargaining power, the need for lifelong learning and the problem of measuring (and rewarding) intellectual capital in knowledge-based companies. 8. While ICT offered substantial opportunities for informal sector activities and significant livelihood options, these were not adequately reflected in current approaches to jobs and work, or in their institutional underpinnings. The latter included job classification systems, wage structures, career paths, industrial relations systems and social security. It was suggested that ICT offered an unique opportunity to consider the future of work and to design the best approach to it. These issues will be picked up in Themes 2 and 3. 9. Many panellists felt that the real issues went beyond creation or destruction of jobs to the kinds of jobs that were being created, to their quality and to the ways in which the labour-force (and particularly those segments of it that were dispossessed in the course of the transition from old work systems to new ones) could be equipped and supported to benefit from the change. 10. We were reminded that enormous numbers of workers, especially in the developing countries were untouched by ICT and were, consequently, severely neglected in policy-making at national and international levels. Better ways had to be found to understand and describe livelihood systems, how technology impacted on them, and how public policy could more intelligently help them. This is an issue which should be picked up again in Theme 4. 11. The existence of an international division of labour was implicit in many interventions. Because ICT made it possible to find the cheapest sources of labour world-wide, developing country workers may profit from the current movement of jobs, to the detriment of unskilled workers in the developed world. However, this did not apply to all developing countries, some of which were marginalized by the global information economy. 12. We were warned that segments of information processing work currently being carried out in off-shore sites like Manila and Bangalore may disappear in the next stage of restructuring. Furthermore, the professional and technical brain drain from developing to developed countries may outweigh the advantages of relocated employment and may even have a negative effect on the former group's ability to take advantage, on-shore, of the world-wide lack of cognitive skills. 13. Lack of skills and of basic infrastructure (such as electricity and telephones) also hampered developing countries in making the fullest use of ICT's potential as a tool for development. This was an area for state intervention. 14. Decentralization also affected regions or localities in the developed countries. The problem of the lagging regions in leading economies (LRLE) appeared to be caused by the use of ICT to (re)centralize work processes and services to metropolitan headquarters to the detriment of the local economy and of its skills base. The consequent out-migration, especially of young workers, with technological skills, binds LRLEs into a vicious circle in which local labour shortages and unemployment go hand in hand. For LRLEs, as for developing countries, the idea that 'getting the factors worked out right' will promote their development into new Silicon Valleys may actually distort policy-making and give rise to expectations which mask or exacerbate local conditions. This is an issue worth exploring in greater depth and it would be interesting to know if other panellists know of similar cases. 15. One suggested response to this problem was to create a *bubble development*, structurally isolated from surrounding economic, social and institutional conditions. Do other panellists have comments on the feasibility of such a policy or its possibilities of success? 16. Political will and bureaucratic imagination also appeared to be important preconditions for the redistribution of ICT-oriented employment opportunities to peripheries, be they localities or countries. Could the Italian industrial district model, based on co-operation between disparate groups which could include the corporate sector, trade unions, government and academic institution be an alternative to bubble development which incorporates both imagination and will? Do panellists have views on this, or alternative suggestions to put forward? 17. The kinds of infrastructure and community development programmes undertaken by peri-urban and rural communities in South Africa, with the support and participation of the corporate sector, academic institutions and NGO's seem very similar to industrial districts in structure and functioning, if not in goals. It would be interesting to know more about their activities in building information-based local economies. Are there other experiences which panellists could share? 18. Education and training emerged as key preconditions for access to, and survival in, the 'new' jobs. However, some panellists appeared to feel that, here too, traditional systems had to be reviewed and revised to meet new needs. It was suggested that the permanent innovation necessary for competitive survival required a high level of 'permanent education' wherein primary education is designed to create the basis of continuous lifelong learning, flexibility and multi-skilling. If such education really becomes the precondition for access to jobs and work, the gap between nations and between citizens within nations could widen disastrously. 19. Even if education was a major tool in preserving jobs and helping people to find (or create) new job opportunities, it has its limitations, at least as far as the lower echelons of the existing workforce are concerned. It may be difficult to train the unemployed into new jobs which require higher education, new skills and, most importantly, a different mind-set. 20. It was suggested that children show greater facility in acquiring computer-based skills than their parents and grandparents. Does this argue the gradual emergence of a two-tier labour force divided along age lines? Would the existence of such a divide, require dual, or parallel, educational and training policies which focus primarily on the creation of a computer-literate new generation while applying 'band-aid' policies to the existing labour force? Who would shape such policies? And who would pay for their implementation - government, employers, or individual workers interested in up-grading their skills and knowledge? From rverzola at phil.gn.apc.org Wed Jul 1 06:52:38 1998 From: rverzola at phil.gn.apc.org (Roberto Verzola) Date: Wed, 01 Jul 1998 06:52:38 Subject: [asia-apec 504] Summary of the Panel Discussion (part 2 of 2) Message-ID: <199806302226.GAA15594@phil.gn.apc.org> Second Part of the Summary of the Panel Discussion ICT and the Trade Unions 35. Panellists identified several challenges faced by unions moving into the information age. First, unions are called upon to develop appropriate policies and positions with regard to the introduction of ICT and the new patterns of work and work organization it brings in its wake. They constantly confront the security/flexibility debate, both in terms of labour law and collective bargaining, and feel that the way forward lies in information, consultation and negotiation so that changes are brought about by agreement and workers' concerns are addressed in tandem with enterprises' survival strategies. ICT itself offers an effective means of making enterprises, and their strategies, more transparent. Competition and the consequent interest in ICT-enabled productivity and efficiency, has led them to work with management on improving performance in return for an equitable share of the rewards. They have had to become more sophisticated at analysing employer performance, but find their task facilitated by ICT which makes information more readily available. The introduction and use of ICT has itself become a subject for dialogue and collective agreement. COSATU, for example, has demanded that all issues concerning information technology be negotiated with the unions before decisions are taken. Other unions are supporting collective agreements with norms and guidelines, the FIET guidelines on telework being a case in point. It was suggested that without joint agreement between business and labour on the full range of measures, policies and practices concerning the implementation of ICT it risked becoming a management weapon against labour. 36. A second challenge is that of ensuring that union perspectives are integrated into the gamut of broader ICT issues. For example, COSATU has called for unions to be involved in the national innovation system: i.e. in South Africa's R&D foresight programme, and in all policy issues relating to ICT and to technology more broadly. 37. A third challenge is the necessity of organizing a labour market with a changing profile. This task is not facilitated by the fact that, with membership dispersed into hundreds of small, often independent, enterprises, bargaining units are becoming smaller, increasing the cost of servicing members and of recruitment. Unions are responding by adapting model agreements to particular circumstances and offering individualized services, especially for grievances, training, and discount financial services. 38. The greatest challenge is perhaps the use of ICT by unions as part of their own strategy to adapt and improve their services to their members 'as they themselves face changes which have the potential to improve the conditions of work and life but which could also marginalize those unable to keep up with the pace of the revolution'. ICT as a Tool for Development 39. The principle of sustainable development should underlie the use of ICT to promote economic growth and social equity in developing countries. The growing trend in the international relocation of work, and especially of information processing, offered new opportunities for developing countries. However, for ICT-facilitated growth to be sustainable, developing countries must themselves take the initiative to create particular market niches which made best use of their comparative advantages. The lack of capital, the requisite skills, and basic infrastructure hampers developing countries in making the fullest use of ICT's potential as a tool for development, and its potential for employment creation could not be fully realized without appropriate policy interventions from governments, educational institutions and corporations. 40. While ICT offers substantial opportunities for informal sector activities and significant livelihood options, these are not adequately reflected in current approaches to jobs and work, or in their institutional underpinnings. The latter included job classification systems, wage structures, career paths, industrial relations systems and social security. It was suggested that ICT offered an unique opportunity to reconsider the future of work and to design the best approach to it. 41. Through its impact on the way work is organized and distributed ICT affects the lives of most people, because they are either included in, or excluded from, the emerging information society. We were reminded that enormous numbers of workers, especially in the developing countries were untouched by ICT and were, consequently, severely neglected in policy-making at national and international levels. Better ways had to be found to understand and describe their livelihood systems, how technology impacted on them, and how public policy could more intelligently help them. 42. ICT's impact on development was an issue which had resonance in regions or localities in the developed countries. The problem of lagging regions in leading economies (LRLE) appeared to be caused by the use of ICT to (re)centralize work processes and services to metropolitan headquarters to the detriment of the local economy and of its skills base. The consequent out-migration, especially of young workers, with technological skills, binds LRLEs into a vicious circle in which local labour shortages and unemployment go hand in hand. For LRLEs, as for developing countries, the idea that 'getting the factors worked out right' will promote their development into new Silicon Valleys may actually distort policy-making and give rise to expectations which mask or exacerbate local conditions. One suggested response to this problem was to create a 'bubble development', structurally isolated from surrounding economic, social and institutional conditions, at least in its initial, formative stage. However, given the experience of export processing zones, both the long-term sustainability of such bubbles, and their eventual (and highly desirable) spill-over into the local economy is uncertain. 43. Political will and bureaucratic imagination appeared to be important preconditions for the redistribution of ICT-oriented employment opportunities to peripheries, be they localities or countries. Could the Italian industrial district model, based on co-operation between disparate groups, which could include the corporate sector, trade unions, government and academic institutions, be an alternative to 'bubble development' which incorporates both imagination and will? The infrastructure and community development programmes undertaken by peri-urban and rural communities in South Africa, with the support and participation of the corporate sector, academic institutions and NGO's seem very similar to industrial districts in structure and functioning, if not in goals and appear to be contributing to the building of information-based local economies. Policies, Strategies and Governance 44. Panellists suggested that all levels of society should take a more active role in preparing for work in an information economy. While the main responsibility for policies in support of ICT-led growth lay with the governments, greater cooperation between trade unions and employers, as key actors in the labour field, was also emphasized. Other groups identified included: educational institutions, community development organizations, other non-governmental organizations dedicated to improving the living and working conditions of workers, and communities of the self-employed. It was also suggested that international organisations such as the World Bank, the ILO, the UNDP and UNESCO had to play a greater role in ensuring that the gap between countries, and between people within countries, did not widen. 45. Questions were raised concerning appropriate transition programmes and policies which could shape inclusionary strategies which benefitted all sections of the economy and of society, and not just those with the resources to optimize the opportunities which ICT presented. Two areas (education and infrastructure) were consistently mentioned as being vital to the creating an appropriate enabling environment for the development and deployment of ICT. 46. While education and training were identified as key preconditions for access to, and survival in, the 'new' jobs, some panellists appeared to feel that traditional systems had to be reviewed and revised to meet new needs. It was suggested that the constant innovation necessary for competitive survival required a high level of 'permanent education' wherein primary education was designed to create a base for continuous, lifelong learning, flexibility and multi-skilling. Employability, rather than job-specific skills was the desired result. If such education becomes the precondition for access to jobs and work, the gap between nations and between citizens within nations could widen disastrously, in the short-term at least. 47. It was suggested that even if education was a major tool in preserving jobs and helping people to find (or create) new job opportunities, it had limitations, at least as far as the lower (and older) echelons of the existing workforce were concerned. Some panellists argued that it could be difficult to retrain some groups of unemployed into new jobs which require higher education, new skills and, most importantly, a different mind-set. The suggestion that children show greater facility in acquiring computer-based skills than their parents and grandparents, raised the questions of whether there would be a gradual emergence of a two-tier labour force divided along age lines and whether the existence of such a divide would require dual, or parallel, educational and training policies which focus primarily on the creation of a computer-literate new generation while applying *band-aid* policies to the existing labour force. The involvement of employers, trade unions and other groups in shaping educational policies was recommended by several panellists. 48. Some panellists suggested that current labour market institutions were not conducive to the advent of ICT. Arguing that the labour market was over-regulated and did not promote entrepreneurship, or encourage self-employment, they advocated lower levels of state intervention which would allow ICT to choose its own pace and direction, and bring about a shift toward more creative, higher-quality jobs. Others stressed that regulation was essential to protect workers whose jobs were made more volatile by ICT and that labour standards should not be allowed to fall victim to arguments in favour of untrammelled flexibility. Still others contended that more bureaucratic involvement was needed to ensure the redistribution of employment beyond existing metropolitan catchment areas and that the lack of political will hampered the realization of the benefits of new patterns of work supported by ICT. The absence of significant public intervention in the form of education and training, enterprise incubation, small-scale financing, and directed procurement and enterprise support were thought to be among the factors most likely to hinder those countries and localities which were currently outside the ICT intensive economy from finding a role within it. 49. Panellists felt that conditions for successful policy implementation had to be locally created, but that knowledge of local conditions was inadequate. More information-sharing was needed between governments and business, and between them and other groups in civil society, notably organized labour. Joint policy-planning at the micro level could provide one vehicle for such sharing. The same was true for planning at the national level and we were reminded that co-operation between all stake-holders was vital in setting the rules and parameters of this new environment. 50. It is uncertain whether ICT will lead to a simplification of institutional structures, or whether the problem of regulation will be simply transferred from the national to the international arena. A trade union panellist envisaged a more active role for the ILO and recommended the creation of a tripartite WTO which would be more sensitive to the needs of workers. 51. As business, and particularly MNCs, were recognized as being the principle actors in the development and spread of ICT, it was argued that they had a role, and even an obligation, to use it in socially optimal ways. It was noted that while business had become the most powerful institution on the global scene, wielding greater power and controlling greater resources than many states, it did not have a tradition (as did the state and the church) of taking responsibility for society as a whole. However, with the faltering of the 'guiding invisible hand', comprising the consensus of overarching meaning and values built into the concept of capitalism and free enterprise, it was hoped that business would adopt such a tradition. 52. Finally, it was thought that short-termed technological determinism, based on downsizing and reducing labour costs, appeared to be giving way to efforts to raise labour productivity through investment in skills development, infrastructure and R & D. Supplemented by the optimal use of 'the productivity-raising potential of good labour standards' and co-operative forms of work organization, this trend could represent the beginning of a 'high road' approach to development in which 'human capital, new technology, and work organization become fully interlocked into creating growth, competitiveness, employment and better working conditions'. ICT itself would afford the necessary room for manoeuvre. ILO, Geneva, June 1998 From rverzola at phil.gn.apc.org Wed Jul 1 06:51:41 1998 From: rverzola at phil.gn.apc.org (Roberto Verzola) Date: Wed, 01 Jul 1998 06:51:41 Subject: [asia-apec 505] (ICT-JOBS): Summary of the Panel Discussion (part 1 of 2) Message-ID: <199806302226.GAA15593@phil.gn.apc.org> >From owner-ict-jobs@tristram.edc.org Sat Jun 20 00:41:39 1998 Received: from tristram.edc.org (tristram.edc.org [155.38.10.11]) by phil.gn.apc.org (8.6.12/8.6.12) with ESMTP id AAA04015 for ; Sat, 20 Jun 1998 00:41:16 +0800 Received: (from majordom@localhost) by tristram.edc.org (8.6.12/8.6.12) id MAA02471; Fri, 19 Jun 1998 12:15:34 -0400 Message-Id: <199806191615.MAA02471@tristram.edc.org> Date: Thu, 18 Jun 1998 17:27:24 +0200 From: ILO-MODERATOR To: ict-jobs@tristram.edc.org Subject: (ICT-JOBS): Summary of the Panel Discussion (part 1 of 2) Sender: owner-ict-jobs@tristram.edc.org Precedence: bulk Reply-To: ict-jobs@tristram.edc.org In preparing the summary, we noted a number of particularly interesting issues on which we would welcome comments and reactions. 1. It was suggested that co-operation between all stake-holders -i.e. society as a whole - was crucial in setting rules and parameters for the new environment and in preparing for work in an information age. We'd like your views on: - who these stakeholders are (suggestions made included trade unions, business & business organizations, community development organizations, educational institutions, communities of the self-employed, NGOs and IGOs, including the UN family); - at what levels they should interact. (international, national and micro-levels were mentioned); - How should they interact? Through what mechanisms? 2. We were told that the absence of significant public intervention in the form of education and training, enterprise incubation, small-scale financing, and directed procurement and enterprise support were among the factors most likely to hinder those countries and localities which were currently outside the ICT intensive economy from finding a role within it. - Do you agree that these are the key areas? Are there others you feel are as/more important? - In the ILO we are particularly interested in training and enterprise incubation and support. We'd welcome comments and information from people working with ICT towards these goals. 3. On women and ICT it was suggested that the generic and management skills women acquire in doing information based work are going to be (possibly already are) transferrable to across sectors and occupations. - Do our subscribers have examples of this? - Is it already happening? To developing country women? How pervasive is it? - Are women themselves finding new ways of using these skills to create their own business, individually or collectively? How successfully? - Can ICT be promoted as a tool for retrenched women to gain access to business information to support their activities? If yes, who should do so and how? 4. Now a chicken/egg question! - Do firms shift automatically to the new organizational paradigm (of flatter structures, small networked units, devolution of information and decision-making to lower levels) as they absorb ICT or are such structures a precondition for the successful application of ICT? - Are these new organizational structures limited to a small sub-set of multinationals or are there other examples: in the business sector, among small firms; in community organizations; in NGOs and IGOs? - As one of our panellists suggests the answer to these question could provide information for organizations and communities which are trying to make the best of the opportunities afforded by ICT, without the benefit of the resources of the multinationals. 5. A last point. We were intrigued by the suggestion that employees who are expected to think creatively and critically on-the-job will take these (newly acquired) skills back into their communities and families. Any comments or examples? Personal experiences? ILO-Moderators ..................................................... Summary of the panel discussion (1/2) ICT & Jobs: Creator and/or destroyer? 1. With some important exceptions, panellists appeared to feel that ICT both created and destroyed jobs. Several panellists also argued that its net, long term result was a propensity to create more work than it destroyed. 2. An attempt was made to set the creator/destroyer issue in the theoretical frameworks developed by Schumpter and Kondratiev, which predict that we should now be emerging from the job suppression stage to enter the creation stage. But the pace and pervasiveness of ICT resisted theoretical packaging. In addition, the pace of change, and the rapid obsolescence of products and skills could make new jobs risky, which, in turn, could discourage job creation. 3. Several panellists stressed that ICT's impact on employment was not determined by technology itself but was the result of social and organizational choices made by employers and national policy-makers. Where the labour-force was seen less as a cost to be minimized, and more as a key competitive asset, the creative aspect of technology was likely to come uppermost. Corporate values, behaviour and 'traditions', and their response to consumer and stakeholder pressure were also seen as important determinants of 'desirable or despicable outcomes'. 4. Panellists suggested that arguments for and against technology's impact on jobs were informed by whether evidence was sought at the macro-level of the economy (eg. through jobs research or through industry level accounts of labour shortage (which tended to be optimistic)) or at the micro-level where evidence highlighted the highly differential impact that the high tech boom was having regionally, sectorally, or on particular categories of workers including women and older workers, and was, therefore, more pessimistic. However, we were warned that macro-level evidence was often no less anecdotal, or selective, than that gathered at the micro-level and that care should be taken in its interpretation. 5. Constituency, background and personal experience were thought to colour attitudes towards ICT. Based on experience, some trade unions considered it the 'job destroyer par excellence'; the 'grim digital reaper'. Anecdotal evidence, even from computer-literate professionals who have lost their jobs and cannot find others, also suggested that ICT was destructive. A panellist from an employer background suggested that it was a catalyst in the 'quest for perfection'. Panellists concerned with productivity, considered the 'elimination of non-productive jobs ... a good trend, generally', but others felt that this was one reason why technology was feared as a job destroyer. 6. Reality was more complex. While some jobs based on traditional work processes and skills were indeed falling victim to ICT, new products and services were creating new jobs, and even labour shortages in some sectors. The ease with which highly-skilled information workers from some developing countries were able to take advantage of selective migration quotas in advanced economies to move to high tech centres (like Silicon Valley) were cited as manifestations of this trend. It was suggested that this brain drain was a far greater challenge to developing countries bent on maintaining a pool of cognitive skills than the pace of technological innovation and the consequent redundancy of existing expertise. 7. Many panellists felt that the real issues went beyond creation or destruction of jobs to the kinds of jobs that were being created, to their quality and to the ways in which the labour-force (and particularly those segments of it that were dispossessed in the course of the transition from old work systems to new ones) could be equipped and supported to benefit from the change. 8. Several panellists argued that, in the final analysis, all new work methods and technological innovations enhance society and the economy to a greater degree than they destroy. Positive spin-offs of ICT include new communications-related jobs; telemarketing which is used to reach beyond limited local markets (as in the case of Japanese strawberry farmers and Ghanian micro entrepreneurs); information on jobs and new types of work which is being used to create new business ventures including consultancy and business services; and teleworking which could facilitate the decentralization of jobs, even off-shore. The flexibility of location and time offered by some of these new work options were creating fresh opportunities, particularly for traditionally disadvantaged workers, such as women, but were also throwing up new challenges including growing polarization (even between different groups of women), the erosion of bargaining power, the need for lifelong learning and the problem of measuring (and rewarding) intellectual capital in knowledge-based companies. A New International Division of Labour? 9. The existence of an international division of labour was implicit in many interventions. It was noted that ICT facilitates the on-line outsourcing of work within and across national boundaries. As the proportion of information processing work increases in total production costs, outsourcing work from high-wage developed countries to low-wage developing countries becomes cost effective, and is compatible with 'lean' management practices and down-sizing. While this trend currently appears to favour 'English-speaking pockets' of developing countries, and women workers, predictions about the future must be approached with caution. Most outsourced work (even in software development) is at the lower end of the skills spectrum and amenable to automation as ICT advances. The long term sustainability of ICT-related off-shore jobs in developing countries would be greatly enhanced if they did not depend solely on work coming in from developed countries. Furthermore, the professional and technical brain drain from developing to developed countries, referred to above, may also outweigh the advantages of relocated employment and may even have a negative effect on the developing countries' ability to take advantage of the world-wide lack of cognitive skills. 10. Because ICT made it possible to find the cheapest sources of labour world-wide, it was thought that developing country workers could profit from the current movement of jobs, to the detriment of unskilled workers in the developed world. However, claims concerning a technology-facilitated exodus of jobs from the OECD countries to Asia and elsewhere were not based on statistical and other evidence. Little research has been done to quantify the magnitude of the exodus or the net gain or loss of jobs. In addition, the cross-border movement of jobs did not benefit all developing countries, some of which were marginalized by the global information economy. 11. As was the case with earlier technologies, the higher value added manufacturing and service functions and R&D intensive areas tend to remain in the developed countries and it was suggested that the new international division of labour assumed old patterns. ICT and Working Women 12. The international relocation of work has definitely brought new opportunities for women, particularly in some Asian, Latin American, and Caribbean countries. This is particularly true of information-processing work. While recent trends in automation may erode some of the comparative advantages of women in developing countries, involvement in the global information economy has given them generic and management skills that are transferable across sectors and occupations. These skills will be highly relevant as ICT becomes pervasive and spills over into new areas such as electronic commerce. Its pool of computer-literate and business-oriented women workers could be an important selling point for a country seeking outsourced, off-shore information based work. 13. More generally, ICT's impact on working women has been both positive and negative. On the negative side, some new technologies, such as the use of CAD/CAM in the garment industry, have made the manual skills of women redundant, and resulted in their retrenchment. Similarly, women in middle and lower management and in some clerical and secretarial areas may lose their jobs to technological rationalization. The age bias in recruitment patterns works to the disadvantage of older women (and men) and those made redundant by technological advances find it difficult to gain re-entry into ICT-related occupations and must look to self-employment as the only viable alternative. With greater possibilities of machine pacing and control, the quality of jobs may also be affected in negative ways. 14. More positively, studies in Asia and Africa have suggested that ICT can become a tool for retrenched women to gain access to business information which would support collective or own-account business activities in the informal sector. However, even where women have the requisite higher level, cognitive skills, their entry into the high tech small firm sector is likely to be constrained by a lack of start-up capital. Growing governmental interest in the small firm sector as a source of employment creation, appropriate educational policies, and targeted financial support for women entrepreneurs may help to redress this situation. ICT and Organizational Change 15. Contradictions mark the debate on ICT's impact on patterns of work and work organization. As several panellists pointed out, evidence and predictions on ICT and work suggest that it could be used to automate production or enrich it; to deskill the workforce or to build up worker skills; to routinize work or to add value to it; to flatten hierarchies and empower the workforce or to institute greater control and disempower the shopfloor. 16. The critical divide between the two extremes of automation and control versus information and participation appeared to be determined by the agenda and the strategic interests of those who controlled the technology and its introduction and use. In short, it is not ICT, in and of itself, which transforms patterns of work and work organization but rather the motivations of those who develop and deploy it. Thus, its effects on work vary depending on whether it is used to enhance competitivity, speed and flexibility, innovation, productivity and efficiency, or even to enforce anti-union strategies. 17. Seen from this perspective, ICT is no more than a tool used to implement and support new business and management strategies, which are themselves shaped by other forces. However, it does offer real opportunities for recreating the way in which work is organized and distributed. For example, ICT-facilitated networking makes it possible to reorganize and redistribute information-intensive production and service jobs (as well as those more directly related to ICT development and maintenance) across countries and beyond national boundaries. This aspect of ICT is of particular interest both to developing countries and to high unemployment regions in developed countries but realizing its potential to source work into these areas is dependent on the administrative and political will to create the appropriate policy environment and infrastructure. Telework and other virtual forms of work 18. The application of ICT which attracted the fullest discussion was teleworking which was thought to epitomize the way in which the telematics revolution was altering patterns of work (and of financial, trade and information flows). It was suggested that, while definitions and data were sometimes questionable, this was an substantial, and growing, phenomenon which could, in time, reshape *the very notion of work* as a 'concentration of technology, human resources and organizational factors in a *privileged* place that we call a workplace'. Limited at its inception largely to tele-homework, it is progressively expanding into a variety of flexible working arrangements which include satellite offices, telecottages and neighbourhood centres, telecommuting and other mobile and nomadic work using electronic networks. The virtual office or company was its apotheosis. 19. Telework offers unique opportunities. It can be used by employers to retain, or to tap into, a skilled workforce which might otherwise be unavailable. Where work can be performed from home and arranged to suit individual lifestyles, it could benefit both women and men and contribute to the enhancement of social relationships and family life. Workers with disabilities might also profit from being incorporated into otherwise inaccessible labour markets. Telework could foster the creation of new employment in isolated areas and reduce the pull of megacities by moving work to workers. As was noted earlier, electronic means could also be used to promote the products of small firms (particularly in developing countries) and isolated farm communities, again expanding employment opportunities. This is a facet of telematics which is of particular interest to local governments seeking to develop their regions and improve job creation. However, it was noted that almost all the available information on telework was based on the experience and social traditions of the developed countries raising questions about its feasibility in developing countries which often lack the necessary infrastructure and the human and capital resource bases. Of more immediate interest to these countries is the potential for job creation through off-shore teleworking which could provide an entry-point into global markets. 20. On the downside, telework may increase isolation, marginalization and social dispersion; create unprotected jobs; contribute to gender disparity; and fragment the labour force. We were reminded that the workplace plays an important role in the identity and social standing of individuals and is the environment in which visual recognition is given, social partnerships formed and social strata created. Replacing it with virtual operations would eliminate the human element and could undermine the trust-based 'social capital' of enterprises which was vital to co-operative endeavours. In addition, as a panel member from a trade union background warned us, at its worst, telework could be no more than high tech piece work. One of the major challenges of telework is, therefore, to identify the best trade-offs between employment creation and the quality of the work created. Meeting this challenge requires innovative solutions which enhance its positive features while minimizing its drawbacks. The option which appears to be gaining popularity is that of voluntary, part-time telework which avoids 'psychological inconveniences' such as isolation and lack of social interaction, and maximizes motivation and job satisfaction, and with them productivity and efficiency. We were told that employers were aware of the importance of this trade-off and that unions consider the voluntary nature of telework a precondition for their involvement in experiments in this domain. 21. Electronic outsourcing in general, could facilitate enterprise and employment creation, but is not without drawbacks, particularly where the quality of jobs and job security are concerned. While efficiency, flexibility, speed, productivity and economies of scope and scale are said to be the motivating factors, one panellist suggests that *labour problems* were being outsourced along with the business functions. 22. Viewed as a form of outsourcing facilitated by ICT, *self-employment* particularly among professionals and technicians, runs the risk of 'atomizing the labour force into self-marketing individuals stripped of union bargaining power'. ICT and Flexibility 23. ICT facilitates labour flexibility and we were warned that this often results in marginalized and casualised jobs, and the undercutting of labour standards. However, the experience of some of the more advanced corporations suggests that a greater emphasis on technological skills must be accompanied by a similar emphasis on people and their values if business strategies and management systems predicated on co-operation and shared information and decision-making are to succeed. Organizations which see ICT solely as a key to greater flexibility and lower costs and ignore the human dimension are likely to fail. 24. Where ICT and management strategies together enable the creation of higher, multi-skilled jobs with greater content and more autonomy, individual flexibility is an important attribute of employees who are required to use initiative, and exercise choice and discretion in what they do and how they do it. Panellists stressed the need for appropriate strategies for education and skills up-grading which would help people to make effective use of the possibilities provided by ICT in their current work situations and become employable across a range of skills and occupations. ICT and Business Competition, whether national or international, was thought to be driving businesses towards ICT in their pursuit of productivity and efficiency. While some panellists suggested that this was a new business imperative and that enterprises equipped to handle ICT had a competitive edge over those which were not; we were also warned that 'an environment of untrammelled international competition which put business profits and survival before all else' would ensure that ICT had a wide range of highly negative impacts. While the fact that 'ICT was here to stay' was not disputed, it was suggested that it was crucial that its introduction, control, regulation and optimization was subjected to scrutiny, by the trade unions, by the state, and by society, which as a major stakeholder, had both the right and the duty to set the parameters and the boundaries for ICT. 26. Corporations' own values systems were an important determinant both of the choice of ICT and of its use in the way they grow and govern. It was suggested that where corporations were bent on wringing the maximum short-term competitive advantage out of ICT, without reference to its longer term social costs, 'rape and pillage' were the order of the day. Others were deploying new technologies within 'a thoughtful, ethical strategic framework' with due consideration for its social consequences. The strategies of a number of leading multinational companies were cited as examples of the latter. 27. New business strategies which stressed flexibility, speed of response, innovation, value-adding design, or proliferation of goods and services, and a tighter customer focus were thought to be motivating corporations to use ICT. To cope with, and support such strategies, MNCs, in particular, were redesigning their management, marketing, production and distribution arrangements using ICTs potential to streamline and speed up operations. This, rather than ICT itself was transforming patterns of work and work organization. 28. Where firms were global, these new imperatives were reflected in greater autonomy and the devolution of decision-making power to regional management and an increased focus on building up local management skills to replace expatriate managers who were slower to be informed about local needs and culture. Implicit in this organizational paradigm was the idea of the advent of global network enterprises comprising small units, pulled together in an associative structure, orchestrated by a streamlined, and possibly downsized, MNC, and having greater autonomy than before. Over and above their implications for management strategies, such structures have implications for industrial relations systems and for trade unions. 29. Also implicit in the discussion of enterprise networks and outsourcing was the idea of the growth of the small enterprise sector. While small and micro-enterprises are seen by most developing countries as a important source of employment creation and economic growth, the degree to which ICT has contributed to the their development, outside the globally-linked section of the economy, is open to question. It was suggested that the pervasiveness of ICT could be hampered by a lack of capital, infrastructure and management and cognitive skills. On the other hand, examples were provided of micro-entrepreneurs using ICT as a tool for business information and to create markets for their products. Management Strategies 30. One of ICT's more important transformational facets is its potential to facilitate access to information at all levels of an organization, integrating more knowledge and skills horizontally around enterprise objectives and making non-managerial personnel *owners* of many decisions. While this could make jobs more interesting, they also become more demanding and stressful, particularly if training is inadequate. More positively, employees who are expected to think creatively and critically on-the-job, will take these skills into their dealings with management, the trade unions and their local communities. 31. ICT is likely to result in flatter organizational structures and control systems. Where self-management teams are already replacing several layers of middle-management, they are throwing up issues related to power, autonomy and control and are actually demanding greater management skills than before. Possibly the biggest challenge of ICT is not how to manage its impact, but how to *transition* managers, workers, and society away from an addiction to controlling and being controlled. It was suggested that shared beliefs could provide direction without control. 32. There was some doubt as to pervasiveness of this new organizational paradigm and it was suggested that it might be limited to a small sub-set of leading multinational firms (MNCs). The specific contribution of ICT to reshaping organizational structures was also questioned, with particular reference to whether firms would shift automatically to the new paradigm as they absorb new technology, or whether those firms which wished to make effective use of technology had first to create the 'appropriate' organizational structure. Answers to these questions could provide crucial information to individuals, communities and organizations trying to 'wring some measure of advantage out of technology-based opportunities' without the advantage of the capital and other resources of the MNCs. 33. While flatter organizational structures were likely to promote innovation, creativity, industrial democracy, a better social climate and greater job satisfaction, we were warned that they also eliminated a huge array of intermediary information intensive jobs, including those of middle-managers, foremen and supervisors. In this context at least, ICT 'destroys' jobs and there is no clear indication about whether the resources set free would actually result in the massive creation of new kinds of jobs or work. 34. Nevertheless, participants suggested that for ICT to achieve its transformative potential, it was necessary to look beyond the significant and expanding need for people with hard technological skills (eg. programmers and chip designers) to information analysts, trainers and other intermediaries who could 'translate' technological opportunities into real benefits such as health and literacy. From joprice at unixg.ubc.ca Thu Jul 2 14:08:13 1998 From: joprice at unixg.ubc.ca (John Price) Date: Wed, 01 Jul 1998 22:08:13 -0700 Subject: [asia-apec 506] Re: Impact of Asian Crisis on Migrants In-Reply-To: <3.0.32.19980629185200.006f2178@is2.hk.super.net> Message-ID: <3.0.1.32.19980701220813.00734df0@pop.interchange.ubc.ca> Dear Rex: Could you please e-mail me your 10 page report on migrant workers, I am presenting a report on the Asian crisis for July 23 and would like to include a section on migrant workers. Sincerely John Price Vancouver At 07:41 PM 6/29/98 +0800, you wrote: >29 June 1998 > >Dear Friends, > >The Asian Migrant Centre (AMC) will release next week the maiden issue of >our Asian Migrant Yearbook (AMY) 1998. AMY 98 is a 170-page yearbook which >contains reports on the situation of migrant workers in 16 Asian countries. >It also has special sections on globalisation and migration, violence >against women migrants, trafficking, churches' response, and the impact of >the Asian crisis on migrants. For subscription information, email us at >. > >One section of AMY 98 will be "A Year After: Surveying the Impact of the >Asian Crisis on Migrant Workers". This is a 10-page report on the effects >of the ongoing crisis on migrants. It highlights some of the quatitative >effects on workers and migrants in Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, South >Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, etc. Our analysis is that the ongoing turmoil >is not simply a "financial" or "currency" crisis, but a comprehensive >economic and social crisis which has become more vicious and widespread >because of the unrelenting drive of these countries towards neoliberal >global economic integration. > >Please email us if you want an advance file copy (in MS Word 6.0 format) of >the Asian crisis paper. > >You can also visit our (recently launched) website at > for additional information on Asian migrant >workers. > >Thank you very much. > >Sincerely, > >Rex Varona >Asian Migrant Centre >4 Jordan Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong >Tel: (852) 2312-0031 Fax: (852) 2992-0111 >Email: amc@hk.super.net web: http://www.hk.super.net/~mrhr > John Price University of Victoria Currently in Vancouver (April-August) Tel. 604 437-5866 Fax 604 437-7014 From isis at mnl.sequel.net Fri Jul 3 17:21:12 1998 From: isis at mnl.sequel.net (Isis International-Manila) Date: Fri, 03 Jul 1998 16:21:12 +0800 Subject: [asia-apec 508] Impact of Asian Crisis on Migrants Message-ID: <2.2.32.19980703082112.00bf8e8c@mnl.sequel.net> >From: jane kelsey >To: asia-apec@jca.ax.apc.org >Subject: [asia-apec 507] Impact of Asian Crisis on Migrants >Date: Sat, 16 Jan 1904 21:40:22 +0000 >X-Authentication: none >Sender: owner-asia-apec@jca.ax.apc.org >X-Sequence: asia-apec 507 >Reply-To: asia-apec@jca.ax.apc.org > >John, could you check when sending messages that you're not sending >them to the whole network? Thanks. >On Wed, 01 Jul 1998 22:08:13 -0700 John Price >wrote: > >> Dear Rex: Could you please e-mail me your 10 page report on migrant >> workers, I am presenting a report on the Asian crisis for July 23 and would >> like to include a section on migrant workers. >> >> Sincerely >> John Price >> Vancouver >> At 07:41 PM 6/29/98 +0800, you wrote: >> >29 June 1998 >> > >> >Dear Friends, >> > >> >The Asian Migrant Centre (AMC) will release next week the maiden issue of >> >our Asian Migrant Yearbook (AMY) 1998. AMY 98 is a 170-page yearbook which >> >contains reports on the situation of migrant workers in 16 Asian countries. >> >It also has special sections on globalisation and migration, violence >> >against women migrants, trafficking, churches' response, and the impact of >> >the Asian crisis on migrants. For subscription information, email us at >> >. >> > >> >One section of AMY 98 will be "A Year After: Surveying the Impact of the >> >Asian Crisis on Migrant Workers". This is a 10-page report on the effects >> >of the ongoing crisis on migrants. It highlights some of the quatitative >> >effects on workers and migrants in Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, South >> >Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, etc. Our analysis is that the ongoing turmoil >> >is not simply a "financial" or "currency" crisis, but a comprehensive >> >economic and social crisis which has become more vicious and widespread >> >because of the unrelenting drive of these countries towards neoliberal >> >global economic integration. >> > >> >Please email us if you want an advance file copy (in MS Word 6.0 format) of >> >the Asian crisis paper. >> > >> >You can also visit our (recently launched) website at >> > for additional information on Asian migrant >> >workers. >> > >> >Thank you very much. >> > >> >Sincerely, >> > >> >Rex Varona >> >Asian Migrant Centre >> >4 Jordan Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong >> >Tel: (852) 2312-0031 Fax: (852) 2992-0111 >> >Email: amc@hk.super.net web: http://www.hk.super.net/~mrhr >> > >> John Price >> University of Victoria >> Currently in Vancouver (April-August) >> Tel. 604 437-5866 Fax 604 437-7014 > >---------------------- >jane kelsey >j.kelsey@auckland.ac.nz > > **************************************************************************** ******** Isis International-Manila tels: (632) 435-3405, (632)924-1065 #3 Marunong St., Brgy. Central tel/fax: (632) 435-3408 Quezon City, email: isis@mnl.sequel.net Philippnes isis@phil.gn.apc.org URL: http://www.sequel.net/~isis mailing address: P.O. Box 1837 Quezon City Main Quezon City 1100, Philippines From isis at mnl.sequel.net Fri Jul 3 17:21:18 1998 From: isis at mnl.sequel.net (Isis International-Manila) Date: Fri, 03 Jul 1998 16:21:18 +0800 Subject: [asia-apec 509] Impact of Asian Crisis on Migrants Message-ID: <2.2.32.19980703082118.00c0162c@mnl.sequel.net> >X-Sender: joprice@pop.interchange.ubc.ca >Date: Wed, 01 Jul 1998 22:08:13 -0700 >To: asia-apec@jca.ax.apc.org >From: John Price >Subject: [asia-apec 506] Re: Impact of Asian Crisis on Migrants >Sender: owner-asia-apec@jca.ax.apc.org >X-Sequence: asia-apec 506 >Reply-To: asia-apec@jca.ax.apc.org > >Dear Rex: Could you please e-mail me your 10 page report on migrant >workers, I am presenting a report on the Asian crisis for July 23 and would >like to include a section on migrant workers. > >Sincerely >John Price >Vancouver >At 07:41 PM 6/29/98 +0800, you wrote: >>29 June 1998 >> >>Dear Friends, >> >>The Asian Migrant Centre (AMC) will release next week the maiden issue of >>our Asian Migrant Yearbook (AMY) 1998. AMY 98 is a 170-page yearbook which >>contains reports on the situation of migrant workers in 16 Asian countries. >>It also has special sections on globalisation and migration, violence >>against women migrants, trafficking, churches' response, and the impact of >>the Asian crisis on migrants. For subscription information, email us at >>. >> >>One section of AMY 98 will be "A Year After: Surveying the Impact of the >>Asian Crisis on Migrant Workers". This is a 10-page report on the effects >>of the ongoing crisis on migrants. It highlights some of the quatitative >>effects on workers and migrants in Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, South >>Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, etc. Our analysis is that the ongoing turmoil >>is not simply a "financial" or "currency" crisis, but a comprehensive >>economic and social crisis which has become more vicious and widespread >>because of the unrelenting drive of these countries towards neoliberal >>global economic integration. >> >>Please email us if you want an advance file copy (in MS Word 6.0 format) of >>the Asian crisis paper. >> >>You can also visit our (recently launched) website at >> for additional information on Asian migrant >>workers. >> >>Thank you very much. >> >>Sincerely, >> >>Rex Varona >>Asian Migrant Centre >>4 Jordan Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong >>Tel: (852) 2312-0031 Fax: (852) 2992-0111 >>Email: amc@hk.super.net web: http://www.hk.super.net/~mrhr >> >John Price >University of Victoria >Currently in Vancouver (April-August) >Tel. 604 437-5866 Fax 604 437-7014 > **************************************************************************** ******** Isis International-Manila tels: (632) 435-3405, (632)924-1065 #3 Marunong St., Brgy. Central tel/fax: (632) 435-3408 Quezon City, email: isis@mnl.sequel.net Philippnes isis@phil.gn.apc.org URL: http://www.sequel.net/~isis mailing address: P.O. Box 1837 Quezon City Main Quezon City 1100, Philippines From 103611.663 at compuserve.com Sun Jul 5 01:46:26 1998 From: 103611.663 at compuserve.com (Catherine Coumans) Date: Sat, 4 Jul 1998 12:46:26 -0400 Subject: [asia-apec 510] Declaration of Human Rights Message-ID: <199807041247_MC2-5220-BE2@compuserve.com> >>Subject: Declaration of Human Rights >> >>Sign up for Human Rights: >> >>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) lists the basic rights >>and freedoms which every person in the world is entitled to. This year >>the UDHR turns 50. Amnesty International, an organisation which works >>for basic freedoms around the world, is celebrating with all >>Australians. Amnesty International is collecting the signatures of 10 >>million people who support the rights in the UDHR. One million people >>will carry those signatures through the streets of Paris and present >>them to the United Nations on Human Rights Day, 10 December 1998. >> >>THIS IS YOUR CHANCE TO MAKE YOUR VOICE HEARD BY WORLD LEADERS. >> >>Send an email to udhr50th@amnesty.org.au. Put your name in the subject >>and the following text in the message: "I support the rights and >>freedoms in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights for all people, >>everywhere." >> >>Forward this message to as many people as you can. For more information >>about Amnesty International or the UDHR, visit our website at >>www.amnesty.org.au or email us at udhr50th@amnesty.org.au. >> >>Women's International League for Peace and Freedom >>International Secretariat >>1, rue de Varembe >>C.P.28 >>1211 Geneva 20 >>Tel: +41 22 733 61 75 >>Fax: +41 22 740 10 6 Catherine Coumans From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Mon Jul 6 09:20:41 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Mon, 06 Jul 1998 12:20:41 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 511] Article: APEC takes stock of Asian economic turmoil Message-ID: <7c27Re1w165w@corso.ch.planet.gen.nz> >From Export News, 6 July 1998, Christchurch, New Zealand (NZ Trade Development Board) APEC takes stock of Asian economic turmoil Financial turmoil in the East Asian member nations of APEC has impacted on a spectrum of economic sectors and is curtailing the region's capacity to generate economic growth. The social ramifications will continue to be far-reaching, according to APEC trade ministers who met in Kuching, Malaysia to review progress on implementation of trade and investment liberalisation measures. It is also evident that there is varying pace with which East Asian members are facing up to the regional economic crisis. Whilst some APEC economies affected by the financial turmoil must undertake domestic policy initiatives to effect economic recovery, other members could assist that process. Individual Action Plans were reaffirmed as the primary means of implementing APEC's trade and investment liberalisation agenda. The trade ministers want member economies to submit revised IAPs by 15 October and to consider the views of the business sector in formulating such plans. Malaysia submitted its IAP for peer review in Kuching and Korea will do the same in Septmeber. But there are doubts over the pace with which Japan might commit to the process. "We've given them more time but they've an election coming and the country's adrift," says New Zealand's Minister for International Trade Dr Lockwood Smith. "We've given them until September to tidy up their act. They didn't expect APEC to be united (on this)." "But if Japan won't come in, we'll go without them," he told Export News on his return from Malaysia, Japan and Taiwan. The Japanese problems are appreciated. In Japan it is "extraordinarily difficult to do anything," says Smith, because of the layers of politicians, officials and lobby groups. "The Prime Minister and key ministers know what has got to happen but, unlike New Zealand where ministers have the ultimate say, the bureaucracy in Japan is very powerful." This was evident, he says, from the presence of senior Japanese officials at crucial sessions of APEC ministers. The inertia of the Japanese system could be overcome but a limiting factor is lack of awareness by the Japanese public that the country is in crisis. "The ordinary people don't feel the crisis. Their levels of individual wealth are two-and-a-half times higher than New Zealand incomes and they have high levels of savings," says Dr Smith. "There's no pressure on the government to undertake reforms. In the mid-1980s many New Zealanders felt the country was in a crisis; in Japan I doubt you'd find that feeling." How this attitude is reflected in the forthcoming Japanese election remains to be seen but regional concern and that of countries like New Zealand and the USA is clear. "I was in Tokyo when the USA spent several billion dollars (supporting the JPY) without Prime Minister Hashimoto's agreement to reforms". Dr Smith says there is talk in the region that the Chinese wouldn't be able to hold the renminbi but views on its resilience vary. "China's got a lot of head room to remain competitive," he adds. Productivity is rising enormously but the difficulty is how quickly China can improve its position relative to a falling yen. APEC trade ministers agreed that flexibility would be needed in dealing with product-specific concerns raised by individual economies in each of the nine sectors set down by national leaders at Vancouver for early voluntary liberalisation. This will mean longer implementation periods in some cases and it was agreed "developing economies" (such as China) should be allowed greater flexibility. Work is under way on more than 80 activities under Collective Action Plans aimed at reducing transaction costs and speeding up the movement of goods, capital, services and business people. These trade facilitation activities are seen as bolstering the confidence of members to make liberalisation efforts. The Kuching meeting reaffirms the importnace of promoting a broad-based understanding of the impact of liberalisation. Just before the next trade ministerial meeting in New Zealand in June 1999, New Zealand will host a seminar on case studies conducted as part of the implementation plan. From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Tue Jul 7 06:58:13 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Tue, 07 Jul 1998 09:58:13 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 512] Re: Globalization Springs Leaks -- London Guardian In-Reply-To: <3.0.5.32.19980706065131.00aa3400@iatp.org> Message-ID: >From mritchie@iatp.org Mon Jul 6 23:45:51 1998 Received: by corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (1.65/waf) via UUCP; Tue, 07 Jul 98 09:56:12 +1200 for gattwd Received: from mail.iatp.org (iatp-2.InnovSoftD.com [208.141.36.66]) by tofu.ch.planet.gen.nz (8.8.5/8.8.5) with ESMTP id XAA06561 for ; Mon, 6 Jul 1998 23:45:51 +1200 (NZST) Received: from markbert.iatp.org ([208.141.36.92]) by mail.iatp.org (Netscape Messaging Server 3.52) with SMTP id 484; Mon, 6 Jul 1998 06:59:26 -0500 Message-Id: <3.0.5.32.19980706065131.00aa3400@iatp.org> X-Sender: mritchie@iatp.org X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Pro Version 3.0.5 (32) Date: Mon, 06 Jul 1998 06:51:31 -0500 To: niel@iatp.org, sophia@iatp.org, karen@iatp.org, kristin@iatp.org ictsd , JBRIENZA@PILLSBURY.COM, jjbw@sprynet.com, steve@iatp.org, "Eliane.BARBAGLIA@delche.cec.eu.int" , "lwallach@citizen.org" , "mika@mb.kcom.ne.jp" , gattwd@corso.ch.planet.gen.nz, vanroozendaal@pscw.uva.nl From: aeckes (by way of Mark Ritchie ) Subject: Globalization Springs Leaks -- London Guardian Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable =20 Document 1 of 12. Copyright 1998 Guardian Newspapers Limited = =20 The Guardian (London)=20 July 3, 1998=20 SECTION: The Guardian Home Page; Pg. 17=20 LENGTH: 1441 words=20 HEADLINE: Analysis: The IMF: One size does not fit all;=20 A leak in the global economy has turned into a flood. Larry Elliott and Alex Brummer audit the plumbers=20 BYLINE: LARRY ELLIOTT AND ALEX BRUMMER=20 BODY:=20 FROM the offices of the International Monetary Fund in downtown Washington DC, the ambush of the Thai baht by currency speculators a year ago this week looked like one of those brief but violent tropical storms. That great edifice, globalisation, had sprung a leak, but the problem was minor, mere running repairs.=20 Twelve months later, things look rather different. No longer is it a case of damp in the attic; whole rooms are deep in rising flood waters.=20 Amid all the soul-searching, the IMF - one of the main architects of the new world order - has come under rigorous scrutiny. A crisis that started in Thailand has affected Malaysia, Indonesia, South Korea, Japan, India, Russia, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia. Nobody knows for sure which country will be next in the firing line.=20 The IMF has come under fire from economists of right, left and centre. Nobel laureate Milton Friedman led the charge from the right. He accused the IMF of being interventionist; its meddling with the invisible hand of the free market prevent economies from correcting themselves.=20 >From the economics mainstream came the charge that the IMF made a series of bad decisions. Reacting to its closure of Indonesian banks last autumn the Harvard economist Jeffrey Sachs said: 'Instead of dousing the fire, the IMF in effect screamed fire in the theatre'(1).=20 >From the left, two lines of attack. First, the IMF got it wrong about globalisation and, second, that it is in cahoots with the US Treasury to force Asian countries to adopt one-size-fits-all American capitalism. The big currency devaluations have made Asian assets cheap, while moves to secure complete liberalisation of capital will make it child's play for American companies to pick up viable companies at bargain basement prices.=20 Faced with these criticisms, the Fund fought back. In the Financial Times earlier this year, the IMF's managing director, Michel Camdessus was asked why it had imposed its same old belt-tightening adjustment programmes on Thailand, Indonesia and Korea - programmes that were quite inappropriate to their present needs(2).=20 'Mr Camdessus became indignant. The new agreements represented a marked departure from the IMF's traditional approach. They were built not on a set of austerity measures, but rather on far-reaching structural reforms to strengthen financial systems, increase transparency, open markets and restore market confidence'. These are not universally held views, even within the IMF. Joseph Stilglitz, chief economist of the World Bank, has given voice to the misgivings of the dissidents. At the start of this year, he made his feelings about the IMF austerity packages plain enough when he argued that 'you don't want to push these countries into severe recession. One ought to focus on . . . things that caused the crisis, not on things that make it more difficult to deal with'(3). The IMF - not used to having its behaviour challenged - snapped back. Stiglitz would not be silenced (4). One by one, he laid into the sacred cows of the IMF. First, the cavalier way in which the emphasis on macro -economic stability ignored growth and jobs. Then there was the Camdessus argument that the need to restore confidence to the currency necessitated high interest rates. 'Are measures that weaken the economy, especially the financial system, likely to restore confidence?' There was more. Macro -economic policy needed to be expanded beyond 'a single-minded focus on inflation and budget deficits; the set of policies that underlay the Washington consensus are not sufficient for macroeconomic stability or long -term development.' The IMF is not used to such scorn. It has long enjoyed the reputation of a lean and focused bureaucracy with the world's best economic and financial staff. The Fund's view has been that the economy of one country is very much like any other and that by applying its rational, neo-liberal economic model, it could restore a measure of economic stability.=20 Created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire the IMF's remit was at first a narrow one. It was the world's central bank, lender of the last resort to member countries. Most of its clients were advanced industrial countries such as Britain and the system worked reasonably well, fixed exchange rates making it relatively easy to police. All that changed in 1972 when President Nixon uncoupled the dollar from gold.=20 The new world was rather different, primarily because the end of fixed rates brought new opportunities for speculators to take on the weak links in the financial system. The fabled 'Gnomes of Zurich' who undid the Wilson government in 1967 were now joined by fellow spirits in financial markets from New York to Tokyo, with relatively large capital sums at their disposal. Forced British and American borrowings from the Fund in the late 1970s hurt; the richer industrial countries would at all costs avoid similar humiliation. The IMF would still supervise their economies, but capital shortages would be met by borrowing from the increasingly free and open private sector capital markets.=20 But just as there was talk that the IMF might have outlived its usefulness, the Mexican crisis broke. In 1982 the Mexican government reneged on its debts with private sector banks precipitating a crisis across Latin America, which threatened the Western banking system. The IMF stepped in as lender of the last resort and found itself a new role. No longer banker to the industrial countries it discovered a global clientele among the developing countries. Instead of making short-term bridging loans it was in for the long haul.=20 When the Berlin Wall came down and the former Soviet Union and its satellites aspired to capitalism the Fund acquired almost two dozen new clients. Despite its doctrine of fiscal austerity, it added hundreds of new economists to its staff, doubled the size of its Washington HQ and increased its budget to $ 507 million in the 1997-8 financial year.=20 But if it had grown in size its lending programmes and approach to member countries remained the same. Its operations were surrounded in secrecy, its advice to governments private, its focus fiscal deficits, monetary policy and inflation - fundamental macro-economic reform.=20 Even before the Fund started throwing its weight around in Asia, it was not short of critics. Robert Wade and Frank Veneroso argued that Asian economies were different from those the IMF usually deals with. They had high levels of saving re-cycled as loans to corporations; companies are closely linked with governments(5).=20 'Because of this difference, IMF 'austerity' and 'financial liberalisation' will have higher costs and smaller benefits in Asia than elsewhere. The slowdown of the IMF's packages for Thailand, Indonesia and Korea to revive confidence reflects both their imposition of impossibly far-reaching institutional liberalisation and their inappropriateness for Asian financial structures.' The Fund believes that, in the end, it will be vindicated. It points out - rightly - that the lack of a body like it deepened the global crash of the 1930s. Critics argue, however, that one result of the 1930s was the formation of a Keyenesian international system fortified with capital controls.=20 The Fund's recent actions have even given die-hard free-traders reason to question what it thinks it is doing. According to Jagdish Bhagwati 'it is a lot of ideological humbug to say that without free portfolio capital mobility, somehow the world cannot function and growth rates will collapse'.=20 Sources: (1) Jeffrey Sachs: the IMF and Asian Flu, American Prospect March -April 1998; (2) FT: February 9, 1998; (3) Wall Street Journal, January 8 1998: (4) Joseph Stiglitz: Moving Towards the Post-Washington Consensus: Helsinki Lecture: January 1998; (5) Robert Wade and Frank Veneroso: The East Asia Crash and the Wall Street-IMF complex; New Left Review number 228.=20 Graphics: Steve Villiers.=20 Larry Elliott is our economics editor. Alex Brummer is our financial editor.= =20 The Doctor's Prescription=20 Balance the Budget=20 Liberalise the financial sector and allow more banks to be created=20 Cut public spending=20 Remove all barriers to imports=20 Remove all restrictions on the movement of capital=20 Privatise state-owned enterprises=20 Remove all caps and controls on prices or (where markets are unavoidably dominated by state monopolies for example in energy) increase prices to reflect costs of production=20 Control the supply of money by imposing high real interest rates and restrict credit creation=20 LANGUAGE: ENGLISH=20 LOAD-DATE: July 6, 1998=20 =20 =20 Copyright =A9 1998 LEXIS=AE-NEXIS=AE, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All= rights reserved.=20 From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Mon Jul 13 13:49:21 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Mon, 13 Jul 1998 16:49:21 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 513] 1999 Anti-APEC Activities Announced Message-ID: Aotearoa/New Zealand APEC Monitoring Group PO Box 1905 Otautahi (Christchurch) 8015 Aotearoa/New Zealand Fax 64 3 3668035 Email gattwd@corso.ch.planet.gen.nz MEDIA RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE USE 13 July 1998 1999 Anti-APEC Activities Announced The Aotearoa/New Zealand APEC Monitoring Group today announced details of its programme of education and action to challenge the Government's hosting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meetings in 1999 and educate New Zealanders on the issues. "Our experience of free trade and investment and free market policies here in New Zealand tells us that APEC is wrong. We plan to expose and oppose APEC and the aggressive free trade and investment agenda which it promotes. Its underlying model of development denies communities the right to determine our own future, and advances the government of big business, by big business for big business. New Zealand ministers are currently using APEC to justify its support for Business Roundtable demands for zero tariffs and privatising the producer boards," says Leigh Cookson, a spokesperson for the group. Public fora and other educational activities are scheduled around each of the Senior Officials Meetings (SOM) to be held in Wellington (February), Christchurch (April/May), and Rotorua (August), as well as a two-day conference around the time of the APEC Leaders Summit in Auckland (September). "The hard business of APEC happens at the SOMs which coordinate the working programme, negotiate the wording of documents and prescript documents for Ministerial meetings. Our February forum in Wellington will focus on the human costs to workers of the APEC agenda. The alternative forum in Rotorua in August will focus on forestry and fisheries - two highly sensitive sectors which have been targetted for early voluntary liberalisation at last year's APEC meetings," she said. The Auckland conference in September will have a strong focus on the connections between our own experience of the 'New Zealand experiment' and the regional and global drive towards economic liberalisation being promoted by APEC. There will be a major emphasis on alternatives to the 'free market' model. "We are told there is no alternative - but that is a lie. There is nothing inevitable about globalisation - it is being driven by identifiable players to advance the interests of an economic elite, especially the transnational corporations that dominate the global economy. More and more people in this country are seeing that the free market and open economy do not deliver." Since the 1994 APEC Summit in Indonesia, the Aotearoa/New Zealand APEC Monitoring Group has been involved in ongoing research, education and media work on APEC. Members of the group have attended alternative meetings on APEC held parallel with APEC Summits in Jakarta (1994), Osaka/Kyoto (1995), Manila (1996) and Vancouver (1997) as well as monitoring the official APEC meetings and their impact on the cities that have hosted the events. "APEC is not just about free trade. There are many other reasons why New Zealanders should oppose APEC and its twisted logic. There's the secretive, anti-democratic way in which it functions. There's the $50 million or so budgeted for the 1999 APEC Summit coming at a time of continued cuts to health, education, welfare and other sectors. There's the massive disruption that will be caused to Auckland during the Summit next September. And there's the package of extremist market reforms which it promotes which people right around the country are already grimly familiar with through Rogernomics, Ruthanasia, and Jennycide", said Ms Cookson. "We are not calling for the reform of APEC. We believe that the economic model which it promotes is fundamentally flawed and that the deep faith in the free market which APEC's supporters cling to is misguided and dangerous. It is promoting greater gaps between rich and poor, and a race to the bottom to compete in a global economy being reshaped for the interests of a few. This is a recipe for social, environmental, economic and political disaster," Ms Cookson added. The group has already started an education campaign on APEC to educate the public and to counter the "good news hype" of the government and business sectors. For further comment contact Leigh Cookson (Aotearoa/New Zealand APEC Monitoring Group) ph: (03) 3662803 (w) From panap at panap.po.my Mon Jul 13 15:55:30 1998 From: panap at panap.po.my (PAN Asia Pacific) Date: Mon, 13 Jul 1998 15:55:30 Subject: [asia-apec 514] What is Monsanto Up to Now? Good Question! Message-ID: <1971@panap.po.my> FORWARDED MAIL ------- From: gaia@gaiafund.gn.apc.org (Tanya Green) Date: 06 Jul 98 Hot off the press! Here's an Article by Brewster Kneen on Monsanto's purchase of Cargill's foreign seed unit. Brewster wrote the book the Invisible Giant... an indepth analysis of Cargill. ref: Monsanto/ Brewster.CAR-MON.TXT. PREVIEW: Ram's Horn #161 (note: some of this material has appeared already in Ram's Horn #159 and #160) WHAT IS MONSANTO UP TO NOW? GOOD QUESTION! analysis by Brewster Kneen, July 5, 1998 Pentagon, Prowl, Pursuit, Sceptre, Squadron, Steel, Raptor, Cadre, Lightening, Avenge... these are some of Cyanamid's herbicides. Cyanamid is a division of American Home Products (AHP) that just merged with (i.e., bought) Monsanto. Monsanto then purchased the global seeds business of Cargill (except for Canada and the US) for $1.4 billion. The announcement in May that Monsanto and Cargill would form a worldwide 50/50 joint venture to create and market new grain processing and animal feed products "enhanced through biotechnology" came as something of a surprise, given the radically different corporate cultures of the two companies. Cargill has, for more than 150 years, taken the long view, made strategic decisions not on the basis of a quick return to shareholders but what would build the corporation over years, and held its corporate tongue. Cargill has also withdrawn from businesses, either when it becomes apparent that they will not make an adequate long-term contribution to the company, or when it is clear that Cargill does not really have the expertise to operate them successfully. Monsanto, on the other hand, seems to take the same approach everywhere as it does in genetic engineering, engaging in very aggressive behaviour to force others, from organisms to government regulatory agencies, to accept its interpretations of reality. The Cargill-Monsanto joint venture does contain its own inner logic, however: Cargill is expert at designing and controlling macro-structures, like trade agreements, aid programs and transportation systems; Monsanto is expert at designing and controlling structures at the micro level of 'genetics'. The 'merger' of Monsanto into American Home Products (AHP) announced on June 1st was quite unexpected, but again, closer examination reveals an inner logic. Bob Shapiro of Monsanto insists it is a "merger of equals", but with AHP having sales of $14.2 billion and Monsanto at $7.5, it looks a wee bit more like a buyout. American Home Products will control 65 percent of the new company's stock at a cost of $34.4 billion. ($1.4 has already been spent on the Cargill deal! A look at AHP's website (www.ahp.com) told me a lot about what it is. What looked initially like a really weird combination turns out to be considerably more natural than the Cargill-Monsanto alliance. The first clue was the fact that AHP bought American Cyanamid in mid-1994 for $9.7 billion, so the AHP-Monsanto merger will unite Monsanto's Roundup, the world's biggest selling herbicide, with the agrotoxins manufactured by AHP's Cyanamid division. This will make the new company the largest manufacturer of agrotoxins in the world with combined herbicide sales of $5.24 billion, surpassing even Novartis. The combined company will also be the top seller of prescription drugs in the U.S., bringing together AHP's Wyeth-Ayerst division and Monsanto's Searle division. Both have significant interests in "womens' health" drugs. My guess is that Monsanto had pushed its luck -- and credit -- about as far as it could, and that it needed deeper pockets to capitalize on the acquisitions and alliances it has made in the past three years. AHP can provide that, and may well have a corporate culture much more like that of Monsanto than of Cargill. The announcement on June 29 that Monsanto would buy Cargill's international seed operations in Central and Latin America, Europe, Asia and Africa (everywhere except Canada and the U.S.) for $1.4 billion was unexpected, but again, makes some sense when adequately analyzed. The acquisition includes seed research, production and testing facilities in 24 countries and sales and distribution operations in 51 countries. (Cargill Agricultural Merchants in the United Kingdom is also excluded from the deal.) Cargill has specialized in the development and marketing of corn, sunflower and rapeseed seeds, and describes itself as "a leading global producer of tropical corn seed and germplasm with significant sales in the Central and Latin American, Asian and African markets. It has a leading position in oilseeds globally and is one of the few seed companies with a long-standing presence in Asia and Central and Latin America." (company press release -www.cargill.com) Cargill's recent investments and acquisitions have been largely in the area of bulk (including identity- preserved) grains and oilseeds and fertilizer transportation, processing and distribution, not in seeds. (Cargill is also a major phosphate fertilizer producer.) For example, a year ago Cargill announced construction of "the largest, most modern and most efficient fertilizer port on the upper Parana River" adjacent to its large oilseed processing complex at Puerto General San Martin, Argentina. In India, Cargill, along with local partners, has recently developed an anchorage-lighterage facility capable of discharging and loading Panamax vessels at the port of Rozy in the Gulf of Kutch along the northwest coast of India. Cargill will utilize the facility to import fertilizer and wheat as well as to export protein meal and other products. (This is Cargill's second effort to establish a port facility in the area. In 1993 it was chased out of Kandla Port, at the head of the Gulf of Kutch, by a combination of the military, small scale salt-producers, and peasants.) In the Philippines, Cargill is constructing two feed mills to produce "a wide range of world class livestock feed products and services tailored to meet the requirements of local Filipino livestock producers". A typically-brief press release from Cargill gave further indication of the company's historical and current interests: J. Norwell Coquillard was appointed regional president of Cargill's business operations in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Coquillard is to also remain the regional head of Cargill's South Korean businesses. He will be based in Shanghai, China. According to the press release (www.cargill.com), "Cargill entered Taiwan in 1971 with an animal feed business, Hong Kong in 1984 with grain and protein trading and China in 1988 with an oilseeds crushing plant. Currently, Cargill is involved in trading, fertilizer, malt, soybean processing, animal feed and other businesses in those three areas. "Cargill first entered Japan in 1956 in the grain trading business. Now the company is engaged in agricultural, financial and industrial trading and operates a juice blending plant in Kashima." (Details of these activities can be found in Brewster Kneen, Invisible Giant: Cargill and its Transnational Strategies, Pluto, 1995) So we come back to the purchase of Cargill's global seeds business by Monsanto, but by now it is obvious that Cargill has been sensibly -- and conservatively -- investing in its traditional areas of expertise, bulk commodity facilities, processing and transport, not in biotechnology and seeds. Monsanto and Cargill might have formed a joint seeds venture, but given the radical differences in their corporate cultures and business strategies, it is hard to see how they could work together amicably. At the same time, Monsanto has certainly gained the upper hand in the global seeds business. Therefore it makes sense for Monsanto to concentrate on what it likes to refer to as 'genomics' and 'information', i.e., genetically engineered seeds, while Cargill supplies inputs and trades and processes the crops. This way Cargill gets $1.4 billion to invest in port and processing facilities without the aggravation of dealing with the likes of irate Indian farmers. Monsanto, on the other hand, can supply the subsistence farmers of Bangladesh with Cargill sorghum and sunflower seeds utilizing Grameen Bank credit while it works on transgenic rice. The real bonus for Monsanto, however, is likely to lie in the Cargill presence in China. Think of the Roundup sales! Cargill can get on with handling, and profiting from, practically every commodity in the global food system, including the crops produced from Monsanto seeds. =========================================================== Monsanto Acquisitions: 1995: - Kelco, Merck's specialty chemicals division, for $1.06 billion - women's health care assets of the former Syntex Corp from Roche for $240 million 1996: - biotechnology assets of Agracetus from WR Grace for $150 m - 49.9% of Calgene - equity position in DeKalb, $340 m - controlling interest in Calgene 1997: - remainder of Calgene, $267 m - Asgrow Agronomics, from Seminis, $240 m - Holdens Foundation Seeds, $1.00 b - various small acquisitions, $200 m - controlling interest, Agroceres, $750 m 1998 - partnership with Cargill - remainder of DeKalb and, - Delta & Pine Land, combined, $4.40 b - 50/50 partnership with Mahyco, India ** merger with AHP announced ** - purchase of Cargill Seeds (except Canada & U.S), $1.4 billion =========================================================== From panap at panap.po.my Tue Jul 14 13:18:14 1998 From: panap at panap.po.my (PAN Asia Pacific) Date: Tue, 14 Jul 1998 13:18:14 Subject: [asia-apec 515] Statement from the APEC Trade Ministers' Meeting (part 2 of 2) Message-ID: <1981@panap.po.my> Electronic Commerce 22. Ministers welcomed the report of the Task Force on Electronic Commerce and noted the progress of work in both the Task Force and other APEC sub-fora. 23. Ministers endorsed that the second stage of the work programme which would include possible development of principles and practical cooperative activities for promoting the use of electronic commerce in the region, recommendations on technical cooperation and capacity-building activities, including on public sector use of electronic commerce, as well as outreach and training programmes. Ministers also endorsed the programme of information exchange and technical cooperation to address the "millennium bug/Year 2000" problem and to identify impediments to electronic commerce in the region. 24. In advancing the work programme, Ministers requested the Task Force to take into account: the views of the private sector; differing levels of development in member economies; and the need to avoid duplication of work in both APEC and international fora. Impact of Liberalisation 25. Ministers welcomed the progress report by the Steering Group on work to develop an APEC-wide programme to assess and promote the understanding of the impact of trade liberalisation. There will be a two-stage implementation plan, involving analytical work on five case studies in Phase I and the development of a strategy for communicating the findings of the study in Phase 2. Ministers welcomed the offer of New Zealand to host a seminar on communicating the outcomes of the Study under Phase 2 of this project just before the next Trade Ministerial Meeting in New Zealand in June 1999. 26. Ministers recognised that the study is timely and relevant especially during this time of economic difficulties and concerns expressed over the benefit of further liberalisation. Ministers reaffirmed the importance of promoting a broad-based and balanced understanding of the impact of liberalisation, taking into account both benefits as well as the associated adjustment costs. In this context, they underscored the importance of selecting appropriate sectors to reflect this approach. Supporting the Multilateral Trading System 27. Ministers expressed satisfaction with the outcomes of the Second WTO Ministerial Conference and welcomed the agreement to embark on a work programme which include the implementation of existing Uruguay Round Agreements, the built-in agenda, and recommendations concerning other possible future work on the basis of the work programme initiated in Singapore and recommendations on other matters proposed by members. In this regard, Ministers welcomed the Statement presented by the APEC Chair at the Conference, which underlines APEC’s commitment to open regionalism and multilateral trading system. 28. Ministers recognised the importance of APEC’s on-going programme of activities which support work in the WTO, in particular seminars and training activities on the implementation of WTO agreements such as customs valuation, subsidies and CVD, TRIPs and Services. They agreed that these activities should be continued. Ministers also agreed that APEC’s on-going information exchange on electronic commerce would be an important contribution to the WTO. 29. In recalling APEC’s role in ITA I, Ministers called for a successful conclusion of the ITA II, with a balanced outcome that takes into account interests and concerns of members. ABAC 30. Ministers welcomed the briefing by Mr. Timothy Ong on the 1998 priorities of ABAC and confirmed APEC’s intention to continue to work closely with ABAC. Ministers noted ABAC’s view on APEC’s work in EVSL, electronic commerce and APEC action plans. ABAC acknowledged the need for capacity building to complement APEC’s liberalisation efforts. 31. Ministers’ confirmed that APEC fora have responded positively to the recommendations contained in ABAC’s 1997 Report to Leaders in the areas of promoting cross-border flows, enhancing private investment in infrastructure and access to capital as well as in implementing economic and technical cooperation. Ministers expressed their desire to continue to work closely with ABAC for liberalising and facilitating trade and investment in the region. Minister also called upon ABAC to reach out to domestic business groups including small businesses so that APEC activities would permeate through a broader cross-section of the business sector. Other Matters 32. Ministers welcomed remarks from members-designate, Peru, Russia and Vietnam on their preparations to assume full membership in APEC in November. Ministers also received reports from representatives of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC), the South Pacific Forum (SPF) and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) From panap at panap.po.my Tue Jul 14 13:17:27 1998 From: panap at panap.po.my (PAN Asia Pacific) Date: Tue, 14 Jul 1998 13:17:27 Subject: [asia-apec 516] Statement from the APEC Trade Ministers' Meeting (part 1) Message-ID: <1980@panap.po.my> MEETING OF MINISTERS RESPONSIBLE FOR TRADE (Kuching, Sarawak, June 22-23, 1998) STATEMENT OF THE CHAIR APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade met in Kuching on 22 – 23 June to review progress on the implementation of instructions given by Leaders in Vancouver and the ongoing APEC work programme on trade and investment liberalisation and facilitation. Ministers exchanged views on the current economic situation, developments in international trade and on APEC’s contribution to the work of the World Trade Organisation. Ministers also engaged in a dialogue with ABAC on APEC’s response to the 1997 ABAC’s recommendations and on broadening APEC outreach to a wider segment of the business/private sector. The Meeting of APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade is being held during a period of financial and economic turmoil in the East Asian constituents of the APEC region. It was noted that the turmoil has had its impact on a broad spectrum of economic sectors, curtailing the capacity to generate economic growth. It has also brought about social ramifications that are and will continue to be far-reaching. APEC member economies recognised that regional and global economic inter-linkages and interdependence can have a contagion effect on other economies outside the region. While individual APEC economies affected by the financial turmoil must undertake domestic policy initiatives to effect economic recovery, other APEC member economies could, where possible, assist in the process of economic recovery. APEC may not be the mechanism for direct intervention, but it is important that APEC supports initiatives to manage the financial crisis – both in terms of the causes and impacts. Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalisation 3. Ministers considered the report of the SOM Chair and noted that officials have made significant progress since Vancouver in further developing the EVSL initiatives, based on APEC’s principle of voluntarism. Ministers recognised that specific concerns have been raised by individual economies in each sector. 4. There is emerging consensus on product coverage, target end rates and target end dates, and Ministers endorsed the recommendations of Senior Officials, as a means to further progress work in the fast-track sectors. 5. Participation in the 9 sectors and all three measures (trade liberalisation, facilitation, and ecotech) in each sector will be essential to maintain the mutual benefits and balance of interests, which Leaders had established when selecting the sectors in Vancouver. 6. In order to enable finalisation of the sectoral arrangements that would maximise participation, Ministers agreed that flexibility would be required to deal with product-specific concerns raised by individual economies in each sector. Such flexibility would generally be in the form of longer implementation periods. In principle developing economies should be allowed greater flexibility. 7. Ministers agreed that consideration of other forms of flexibility should take into account the broader goal of maximising mutual benefits, and the need to maintain the balance of interests. 8. Ministers also noted the significant work done on NTMs, facilitation and ecotech, and endorsed the existing implementation schedule, and the related work programme in these areas. Ministers regarded facilitation and ecotech as important elements of the EVSL initiative, and agreed that such measures continue to be identified for implementation. 9. Ministers agreed that all sectors containing tariff liberalisation proposals be communicated to the WTO by APEC Chair for transparency purposes once all details of the sectoral proposals are finalised. 10. Ministers instructed senior officials to continue work to finalise by September the sectoral arrangements on the fast-track sectors on the basis of decision taken at this meeting, and further develop the other six sectors. 11. Ministers will consider the final agreements/arrangements of each sector in its entirety at the Ministerial Meeting in November, with a view to commencing implementation in 1999. Individual Action Plans 12. Ministers welcomed and endorsed the preliminary plans of member economies to implement and improve their Individual Action Plans (IAPs) for 1998. Ministers noted that despite the adverse impacts of the current financial crisis, members remained committed to IAP improvements and implementation. They reaffirmed that the IAP is the primary mechanism for implementation of APEC’s trade and investment liberalisation and facilitation (TILF) agenda. Ministers recognised that improving IAPs is a continuous and progressive process and urged members to continue to strengthen their IAPs in terms of transparency, level of detail and specificity. Ministers stressed that faithful implementation would lend credibility to the Plans. 13. An added value of IAPs is that they provide member economies with the opportunity to draw on the experiences and approaches of other member economies in undertaking liberalisation and facilitation. Members can draw on these experiences and adopt and incorporate such best practices in improving their IAPs. 14. In an effort to make IAPs more effective in meeting the needs of business, Ministers noted that IAPs should continue to take account of ABAC recommendations. They noted that some of these recommendations have already been implemented while others are under consideration. Member economies will continue to take into account the views of the business/private sector in the improvements of the IAPs. 15. Ministers commended Malaysia for submitting its IAP for peer review in Kuching. They welcomed Korea’s decision to present its IAP for peer review in September at the margins of SOM III. It was acknowledged that bilateral consultations and voluntary peer reviews are confidence building measures that will facilitate exchange of information and contribute towards transparency and comparability of the IAPs. In this context, interested member economies were encouraged to volunteer their IAPs for peer review. 16. To further advance work on IAPs, Ministers agreed that: member economies submit revised IAPs, including the financial sector, according to the revised format guidelines by October 15; member economies continue to give consideration to the views and opinions of the business/private sector in formulating their IAPs. 17. Ministers called for a report on revised IAPs to be submitted to them in November for their review. Collective Action Plans 18. Ministers reaffirmed the importance of Collective Action Plans (CAPs) for advancing APEC’s TILF agenda. Ministers welcomed work to further enhance and implement CAPs, including work underway on more than 80 CAPs activities. They stressed the importance of trade and investment facilitation activities in APEC in the 15 areas under Part I of the Osaka Action Agenda. Ministers took note of the SOM Chair’s Report on collective actions and endorsed the list of over 30 TILF outcomes for 1998. These outcomes are expected to contribute towards reducing transaction costs and facilitating business activities such as movement of goods, capital, services and business people. 19. At this time of financial turmoil in the region, APEC’s trade facilitation activities would contribute to improving the capacity and confidence of members in their liberalisation efforts. In this context, Ministers also noted the need to prioritise projects in order to make efficient use of limited resources and maximising benefits to members. 20. In advancing work on CAPs, Ministers : endorsed the collective commitments of APEC economies to grant multiple entry visas to regular business travellers through unilateral or bilateral means, unless there are reasonable grounds not to do so; and agreed that capacity of member economies be enhanced through training and technical cooperation programmes to ensure effective implementation of CAPs. 21. Ministers further instructed that a report be submitted in November on: achievement of TILF outcomes in 1998; training and technical cooperation programmes in the TILF areas; areas for priority work in 1999; and APEC’s response to ABAC’s recommendations. From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Sun Jul 19 07:51:55 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Sun, 19 Jul 1998 10:51:55 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 517] South Pacific Forum/Asian Crisis Message-ID: <9wZuse1w165w@corso.ch.planet.gen.nz> >From National Business Review, July 17 1998 By David Barber South Pacific states take Asian crisis as a warning to reform The Asian financial crisis appears to have removed any lingering doubts South Pacific South Pacific island states may have had about following the path of economic reform, deregulation and free trade. While retaining concerns about the social impact of reform on their peoples, they have reaffirmed their commitments to far-reaching changes in the way they manage the fragile island economies. South Pacific Forum economic ministers meeting in Fiji last week acknowledged they were experiencing some of the early warning signs of conditions that crippled Asian economies over the last year. They agreed the best way to reduce the risks of suffering the same fate was to push ahead with the action plan for economic reform they adopted at their first meeting in Australia last year. This includes deregulation of the all-important power, energy and telecommunications markets, greater private sector involvement in their economies and the eventual adoption of a regional free-trade agreement. They agreed they would pursue more competitive markets for power provision, telecommunications and petroleum supply and promote opportunities for foreign investment. They also agreed to rationalise and progressively reduce tariffs. Indicating a readiness to join the global trading community, ministers asked the forum secretariat for a comprehensive checklist of principles and obligations of the World Trade Organisation and the Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation grouping so that non-members could assess their value. They also agreed the forum would seek observer status at the WTO and form alliances with other countries with similar interests to present a common front in the next round of trade liberalisation negotiations. Confirming a commitment to a "well-defined and rigorously applied banking supervision and audit system", the ministers pledged to strengthen their financial sectors and improve the business climate in the region by stepping up government accountability and transparency. The ministers endorsed the International Monetary Fund's Code of Principles and Good Practices on Fiscal Transparency as a model on which Forum countries can draw. Significantly for a group of economies striving to reduce dependence on their public sectors, they called on their business communities to make active contributions to government policy formulation. They also agreed to encourage business to use regional organisations to report their views directly to economic ministers at their annual meetings. They acknowledged private sector concerns about taxation, access to land and resources, the quality and cost of infrastructure services and the availability of technical and managerial skills and said they would put these on the agenda for next year's meeting. The meeting showed continuing nervousness about a free-trade pact, with ministers seeking more information on the impact on individual countries, especially the smaller and more vulnerable. They had three suggested agreements before them - one for free trade with each other, another including New Zealand and Australia and the third bringing in the French Pacific territories. Ministers asked the forum secretariat to prepare a framework agreement for free trade among forum members, outlining the benefits of preferential and non-preferential approaches and the differing speeds as which member countries could adapt. When that work is sufficiently advanced, forum trade ministers will meet to discuss the issue and make recommendations. Addressing the meeting, New Zealand Treasurer Winston Peters outlined common themes in the Asian crisis of relevance to the Pacific island nations, noting: * financial sector weaknesses which contributed to excessive and low quality investments; * large-scale foreign exposures by poorly supervised domestic banks - much of it short-term borrowing making currencies vulnerable to collapse; * a lack of transparency about the financial situation of businesses and their relationship to government, and * weak exchange rate policies making short-term adjustments difficult. "There are clearly lessons to be learned here for us," he said, "not least the need to address the risks that many countries in the Pacific face - risks similar to those that precipitated the Asian situation." From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Mon Jul 20 10:14:49 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Mon, 20 Jul 1998 13:14:49 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 518] Re: World Trade Organization: Canada nominates former trade m... In-Reply-To: <3.0.5.32.19980718114410.00a937b0@iatp.org> Message-ID: >From mritchie@iatp.org Sun Jul 19 23:55:58 1998 Received: by corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (1.65/waf) via UUCP; Mon, 20 Jul 98 09:18:20 +1200 for gattwd Received: from mail.iatp.org (iatp-2.InnovSoftD.com [208.141.36.66]) by tofu.ch.planet.gen.nz (8.8.5/8.8.5) with ESMTP id XAA14843 for ; Sun, 19 Jul 1998 23:55:58 +1200 (NZST) Received: from markbert.iatp.org ([152.206.243.176]) by mail.iatp.org (Netscape Messaging Server 3.52) with SMTP id 444; Sun, 19 Jul 1998 07:11:09 -0500 Message-Id: <3.0.5.32.19980718114410.00a937b0@iatp.org> X-Sender: mritchie@iatp.org X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Pro Version 3.0.5 (32) Date: Sat, 18 Jul 1998 11:44:10 -0500 To: niel@iatp.org, sophia@iatp.org, karen@iatp.org, kristin@iatp.org ictsd , JBRIENZA@PILLSBURY.COM, jjbw@sprynet.com, steve@iatp.org, "Eliane.BARBAGLIA@delche.cec.eu.int" , "mika@mb.kcom.ne.jp" , gattwd@corso.ch.planet.gen.nz, vanroozendaal@pscw.uva.nl, mdolan@citizen.org, eckes@oak.cats.ohiou.edu From: "Mark Ritchie" Subject: World Trade Organization: Canada nominates former trade m... Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" >From: Personal Agents >Date: Fri, 17 Jul 1998 18:04:13 -0700 >To: mritchie@iatp.org >Subject: World Trade Organization: Canada nominates former trade m... >X-Inquisit-UserID: 2522687 >X-Inquisit-AgentID: 75109744 >X-Inquisit-AgentName: World Trade Organization > > > Canada nominates former trade minister to head WTO > (Reuters; 07/17/98) > > OTTAWA (Reuters) - Canada Friday nominated former trade minister Roy >MacLaren, a staunch advocate of free trade, to head the World Trade >Organization. > > "Mr. MacLaren's credentials as a free trader are impeccable and he is >eminently qualified for the job," Trade Minister Sergio Marchi said in a >statement. > > MacLaren has served as ambassador, or high commissioner, to Britain since >1996 after three years in the trade portfolio, when he oversaw the final stages > of Canada's negotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement and the >Uruguay Round of the GATT. > > The GATT -- the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade -- is the >predecessor to the WTO, whose director-general, Renato Ruggiero, retires April >30, 1999. The WTO oversees current free trade agreements and pushes for further > trade liberalization. > > Canada's nomination appeared to be the first, though other names have been >widely bandied about. > > Among them are Thai Deputy Prime Minister Supachai Panitchpakdi, former New > Zealand prime minister Mike Moore, Brazilian Foreign Minister Luiz Felipe >Lampreia and former Moroccan trade minister Hassan Abouyoub. > > During his years in government, MacLaren was seen more on the pro-business >side of the Liberal cabinet, and pushed a transatlantic free trade agreement >that the United States and the European Union have not yet bought into. > > "The change in the WTO's leadership happens on the eve of important renewed > negotiations in the areas of agriculture and services," Marchi said. > > "Mr. MacLaren has the proven skills needed to forge consensus between >developed and developing countries, and to lead the WTO in addressing a >challenging agenda." > > Marchi's statement said nominations close on October 1, and a decision is >expected to be made by consensus before the end of this year. > >{Reuters:Politics-0717.00604} 07/17/98 > > > > >______________________________________________________________________ > >[ ] Put an X here to receive a form through which you may inspect, > modify, or stop this Agent. {World Trade Organization} > > > >Questions? Email support@inquisit.com -- we're here to help! Delivered via the Inquisit(TM) business intelligence service . All articles Copyright 1998 by their respective source(s); all rights reserved. The information contained in this message is for use by licensed Inquisit subscribers only and may not be forwarded, distributed, published or broadcast in any medium. > Mark Ritchie, President Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy 2105 1st Ave. South, Mpls, MN 55404 USA 612-870-3400 (direct), 612-870-4846 (fax) mritchie@iatp.org http://www.iatp.org From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Mon Jul 20 10:19:20 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Mon, 20 Jul 1998 13:19:20 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 519] WTO: Former NZ Prime Minister & Top Trade Position Message-ID: >From The Press (Christchurch, NZ) 20/7/98 Moore reticent about top trade position - by Sinead O'Hanlon Talk of the World Trade Organisation's top job leaves Mike Moore unusually reticent. The Waimakariri MP has arrived in Geneva amid international speculation that he would be in the running for the director-general's job. Mr Moore said he was in Switzerland with his wife, Yvonne, and her mother for a holiday as well as "all sorts of political business". The WTO began its selection process for a new leader at its base in Geneva last week after announcing that the present director-general, Italian Renato Ruggiero, would retire next year. Mr Moore initially gave a "firm no comment" when asked whether he was considering going for the job. Neither would he comment on what type of candidate he would support for the position. Eventually, Mr Moore said he needed to speak to the Government and his Labour Party colleagues before making further comment when he returns to New Zealand next week. As a former prime minister and trade and foreign affairs minister, Mr Moore has maintained a strong involvement in the world trade scene. In 1995, the then Minister of Trade, Philip Burdon, was tipped as a candidate for the inaugural post which eventually went to Mr Ruggiero. At that time, it was suggested that WTO delegates would prefer Mr Moore to Mr Burdon but any chance of Mr Moore becoming a candidate was ruled out by Prime Minister Jim Bolger. From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Tue Jul 21 10:01:18 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Tue, 21 Jul 1998 13:01:18 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 520] Pacific Basin Economic Council Message-ID: New support for PBEC - Export News (NZ) 20 July 1998 The Pacific Basin Economic Council is negotiating a deal which could see the Wellington Regional Chamber of Commerce provide its secretarial support. PBEC was one of nine business councils which moved its secretarial base from the Wellington-based International Business Councils umbrella organisation to the Auckland Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry last April. However within three months PBEC chairman Don Scott moved the secretariat back to Wellington where it has been unofficially operating from his office at KPMG. PBEC represents large corporates which provide business perspectives to government on multilateral trade issues. Scott says for this reason it makes sense for the council to be based in Wellington with close access in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Asia 2000 Foundation. Former International Business Councils executive officer Anna Petherick, now director of services at the Wellington Regional Chamber of Commerce, has already provided support to the council, attending meetings in Vancouver in November and Santiago in May. Scott says the council is keen to help New Zealand capitalise on its position as chair of the APEC forum meetings being held here next year. PBEC is in contact with the Minister for Trade Negotiations [sic - Burdon is former Minister for Trade Negotiations] who is chairing an APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC) open food task force. It is examining a proposal to liberalise regional food trade. Comalco managing director Kerry McDonald is chairing the ABAC working group on APEC's other early voluntary sector liberalisation (EVSL) initiatives. These include fish/fish products and forest products which were sponsored by New Zealand. the other New Zealand ABAC representative is Rosanne Meo, chair of TVNZ. From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Tue Jul 21 12:58:15 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Tue, 21 Jul 1998 15:58:15 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 521] NZ Protest at US dairy subsidies Message-ID: Protest over USA dairy export incentives - from Export News (NZ) 20/7/98 New Zealand continues to object to the USA's subsidation of dairy exports through its Dairy Export Incentive Programme (DEIP), says Trade Minister Lockwood Smith. New Zealand's protest follows an announcement by the USA of the 1998/99 round of DEIP export subsidies which assist the competitiveness of US dairy exports. "While we note that the USA has reduced its DEIP subsidies as required under its Uruguay Round obligations, we will continue to advocate the elimination and prohibition of this and all forms of export subsidies," Dr Smith says. In 1998/99 the USA will subsidise 84,212 tonnes of skimmed milk powder exports (compared with a subsidy allocation for 92, 217 tonnes in 1997/98), 122,419 tonnes of butterfat (137,446 tonnes in 1997/98), 5003 tonnes of whole milk powder, (7,487 tonnes in 1997/98) and 3,350 tonnes of cheese (3,510 tonnes in 1997/98). Dr Smith says continued subsidisation through the DEIP was particularly disappointing given the USA's commitment to the Cairns Group's agenda for the 1999 World Trade Organisation (WTO) negotiations to liberalise agricultural trade. That agenda includes the total elimination and prohibition of all export subsidies and the removal of all domestic subsidies which distort trade. From panap at panap.po.my Wed Jul 22 18:39:01 1998 From: panap at panap.po.my (PAN Asia Pacific) Date: Wed, 22 Jul 1998 18:39:01 Subject: [asia-apec 522] Landlessness rampant in Cebu, Philippines Message-ID: <2057@panap.po.my> FORWARDED MAIL ------- From: kmp@info.com.ph Date: 19 Jul 98 'Ceboom' displaces 80,000 farmers By Froilan Gallardo PDI Visayas Bureau CEBU CITY - - The much touted "Ceboom" has taken its toll on farmers and the poor. Militant farmers said yesterday that over the past two years, more than 80,000 farmers in Cebu are affected by illegal land conversions as landowners try to cash in on Cebu's rapid economic growth. Worse, they said, "goons" hired by landowners and developers have killed this year two farmer leaders who opposed the conversion of farmlands into commercial areas and mining sites. "The violence committed against the farmers who opposed land conversion are becoming systematic and sophisticated," said Sergio Repuela, secretary general of the Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas. "We are afraid the situation in Cebu is going out of hand,'' he added. According to Rural Concerns Network, a coalition of 13 militant farmer organizations, the killings of the farmer leaders were all related to disputes with landowners. First to be killed was Gil Bontoyan, a peasant leader who was shot dead June 20 by still unidentified armed men. Bontoyan had opposed red stone and coal quarrying operations in Mayana, Naga town, 22 km south of here. On July 12, peasant leader Jesus Lebrinca was also shot and killed by suspected goons in his house in Bunga, Toledo City. Repuela said police have yet to arrest any suspects despite the presence of many witnesses who were able to identify the gunmen. He said threats and harassments were also carried out on other leaders and members of peasant organizations who are opposed to land conversions and mining operations in Cebu. Central Visayas posted a 5.3 percent growth over the last year which, Repuela said, was achieved at the expense of the farmers and other marginalized sectors. Data acquired by the RCN showed that 67 percent of the 193,200 hectares of arable land in Cebu are being converted into industrial parks, quarrying and mining pits. The illegal land conversions were done with the imprimatur of local government officials hungry for revenue, according to Melecio Jumao-as of the Task Force Detainees of the Philippines-Karapatan. Jumao-as said town councils in Cebu are known to convert lands before they could even pass an integrated land use program for their municipalities. "The problem is government agencies like DAR (Department of Agrarian Reform) and DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources) are turning a blind eye to this anomaly," Jumao-as said. Jumao-as said municipal governments are only empowered by the Local Government Act of 1991 to reclassify their land but not to convert them for industrial and mining use. Repuela said the more damaging effect is on farmers who are deprived of land to till. "The farmers are deprived of their way of life and their means of livelihood,'' he said. ''(Commercialization of lands) instead contributed to making the farmers jobless." * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (Peasant Movement of the Philippines) 69 Maayusing St., UP Village, Quezon City, Philippines From Nancy.Hannemann at ualberta.ca Thu Jul 23 02:29:36 1998 From: Nancy.Hannemann at ualberta.ca (Nancy Hannemann) Date: Wed, 22 Jul 1998 11:29:36 -0600 (MDT) Subject: [asia-apec 523] International Human Rights Conference Message-ID: UNIVERSAL RIGHTS AND HUMAN VALUES: A BLUEPRINT FOR PEACE, JUSTICE AND FREEDOM An International Conference to Celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights November 26-28, 1998 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada WHAT'S THIS ALL ABOUT? The focus of the conference is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - that the world understand and appreciate the principles and values it expresses. The General Assembly proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms - Preamble to the Universal Declaration The Declaration envisions a world where peace, justice and freedom can be enjoyed by all. Human rights leaders will reflect on the accomplishments of the Declaration since 1948 and modern challenges to human rights. The Conference honours the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration, the 30th anniversary of the Canadian Human Rights Foundation, the 25th anniversary of the Alberta Human Rights and Citizenship Commission and the 20th anniversary of the Canadian Human Rights Commission. Distinguished Guests Her Excellency Mary Robinson United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Former President of Ireland The Most Reverend Desmond M. Tutu Archbishop Emeritus of Capetown Chairman, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa (As of July 20, Archbishop Tutu's place in the program is still to be determined) The Sponsor The Canadian Human Rights Foundation is a non-profit, non-governmental organization, dedicated to the defence and promotion of human rights through education and the support of training and development initiatives in Canada and abroad. Professor John Humphrey (1905 - 1995), a Canadian and principal author of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, was a founder of the Foundation. To request information or return completed registrations contact: International Human Rights Conference Box/CP 11661 * Edmonton, Alberta * Canada T5J 3K8 Tel (403) 453-2638 * Fax (403) 482-1519 e-mail: hrc@tnc.com * www.tnc.com/hrc WHO'S GOING TO BE THERE? For a program update, consult the conference internet site: www.tnc.com/hrc Thursday, November 26 18:00 Registration 19:00 Welcome Yves Lafontaine, President, Canadian Human Rights Foundation Shirley McClellan, Minister of Community Development, Government of Alberta Bill Smith, Mayor, City of Edmonton The Declaration 50 Years Later: Vision and Reality Anne McLellan, Minister of Justice and Attorney General, Government of Canada Friday, November 27 7:30 Registration 8:30 Concurrent Sessions: A. The Challenge of Different Cultures, Different Religions: "A Common Standard of Achievement for All Peoples and Nations?" Soli J. Sorabjee, Former Attorney General of India Max Yalden, United Nations Human Rights Committee Nancy Hannemann, Global Education Program Coordinator, University of Alberta, Canada, Chair B. The Economy, the Environment and Human Rights: Cross Currents or Parallel Streams? Cindy Kenny-Gilday, Uranium Committee, D?line Dene Band Council, Canada Eric P. Newell, Chairman and CEO, Syncrude Canada Ltd. David Schindler, Professor, University of Alberta, Canada Jim Edwards, President and CEO, Economic Development Edmonton, Canada, Chair C. Global Security and Human Rights: The Case for Disarmament Douglas Roche, Former Canadian Ambassador for Disarmament, United Nations Maj-Britt Theorin, President, International Peace Bureau, Belgium M.N. Venkatachaliah, Chairperson, National Human Rights Commission, India, Chair 10:15 Concurrent Sessions: A. Human Rights and Transnational Corporations: People or Profits? Margot Franssen, President and Partner, The Body Shop Canada Owens Wiwa, Nigerian human rights activist Warren Allmand, President, International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, Canada, Chair B. Are We Our Brother's and Sister's Keepers? The Role of Individuals and Non-Governmental Organizations Roger Clark, Secretary General, Amnesty International Canada Huguette Labelle, President, Canadian International Development Agency Anne McGrath, Canadian Program Officer, OXFAM Canada David Kilgour, Secretary of State (Latin America and Africa), Government of Canada, Chair C. Bioethics and Biotechnology: Building a Human Rights Framework Solomon Benatar, Professor, University of Cape Town Medical School, South Africa Bartha M. Knoppers, Professor, Universit? de Montr?al, Canada Eric M. Meslin, National Bioethics Advisory Commission, USA Tim Caulfield, Research Director, Health Law Institute, University of Alberta, Canada, Chair 12:00 Lunch Human Rights and Foreign Policy Lloyd Axworthy, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Government of Canada 13:45 Recognizing the Inherent Dignity and Rights of Women: A Mirage in the Distance? F?toumata Sir? Diakite, President, Association pour le progr?s et la d?fense des droits des femmes maliennes, Mali Michelle Falardeau-Ramsay, Chief Commissioner, Canadian Human Rights Commission Roberta Jamieson, Ombudsman of Ontario, Canada, Chair 15:30 Crimes Against Humanity and Their Punishment Lieutenant General R.A. Dallaire, Assistant Deputy Minister (Personnel), Department of National Defence, Canada Jules Desch?nes, Former Judge, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Canada L. C. Green, Professor, US Naval War College, USA Indai Lourdes Sajor, Executive Director, Asian Centre for Women's Human Rights, Philippines David Last, The Lester B. Pearson Canadian International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Chair 18:30 Reception and Banquet Keynote Speaker: Her Excellency Mary Robinson, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Dignitaries including The Right Honourable Antonio Lamer, P.C. Chief Justice of Canada Saturday, November 28 8:30 Concurrent Sessions: A. Human Rights and Responsibilities J. Edward Broadbent, Professor, Simon Fraser University, Canada Steven Lee, National Director, Canadian Centre for Foreign Policy Development, Government of Canada, Chair B. Protecting Refugees from Persecution: The Right to Sanctuary Anne Bayefsky, Director, Centre for Refugee Studies, York University, Canada Mary Jo Leddy, Romero House, Toronto, Canada Francisco Rico-Martinez, President, Canadian Council for Refugees, Canada 10:15 Concurrent Sessions: A. Effective Remedies for Violations of Fundamental Rights: The Responsibilities of the State Rosalie Abella, Justice, Ontario Court of Appeal, Canada M. N. Venkatachaliah, Chairperson, National Human Rights Commission, India Charlach Mackintosh, Chief Commissioner, Alberta Human Rights and Citizenship Commission, Canada, Chair B. Freedom of Expression in a Multi-Media Universe: Rights, Limits and Dangers Frances de Souza, Executive Director, Article 19, International Centre Against Censorship, England Goenawan Mohamad, Writer and journalist, Indonesia William Thorsell, Editor-in-Chief, Globe and Mail, Canada Satya Das, Columnist and foreign affairs writer, The Edmonton Journal, Canada, Chair 12:00 Lunch Universality of Human Rights and Education for Human Rights Francine Fournier, Assistant Director-General, Sector for Human and Social Sciences, UNESCO 13:45 Human Rights and Indigenous People: A Global Search for Justice Juan L?on, Defensoria Maya, Guatemala Doreen Spence, Executive Director, Canadian Indigenous Women's Research Institute Willie Littlechild, Advisor to the United Nations on Indigenous Issues, Canada, Chair 15:30 Meeting the Challenges: Disability, Poverty and Children in Need Ana Bastos Costa, Children's rights activist, Brazil Midge Cuthill, Project Coordinator, Poverty In Action, Alberta, Canada David Lepofsky, Counsel, Ministry of the Attorney General, Ontario, Canada Zuhy Sayeed, President, Alberta Association for Community Living, Canada Naomi Segal-Bronstein, Children's rights activist, Canada Gary McPherson, Chairperson, Premier's Council on the Status of Persons with Disabilities, Alberta, Canada, Chair Summary and Conclusion Gerald L. Gall, Professor, University of Alberta, Canada 13:00 - 17:30 Youth Session - Leaders of Tomorrow - Awakening the World to Human Rights Craig Kielburger, Founder, Free The Children, Canada Darren Lund, Founder, Students and Teachers Opposed to Prejudice, Canada Conference proceedings will be published. Conference Site and Hotel The conference is being held in the heart of downtown Edmonton. A special room rate of $80 per night (plus applicable taxes) has been negotiated for delegates at the Sheraton Grande Hotel. To ensure this rate, reservations must be made by November 1 with the Sheraton reservation system, 1-800-325-3535 toll-free worldwide, or directly with the hotel at 403-428-7111, or toll-free in Alberta at 1-800-263-9030. For tourist information, consult the conference internet site: www.tnc.com/hrc Registration Fees (Canadian funds) Received before Received after October 1, 1998 October 1, 1998 Regular $250 $300 Youth* or Full-time Students $95 $120 * Youth are those aged 25 years and under Conference fees include Friday and Saturday luncheons and Friday evening banquet. Early registration is advised, as space is limited. Youth Conference only, Saturday afternoon Received before November 10, 1998 $10 Received after November 10, 1998 $15 Cancellation Policy Written requests for cancellation, received by November 1, 1998, will receive a refund (less $50 per delegate handling fee). Registration fees will not be refunded after November 1, 1998. Airline Sponsor Canadian Airlines is the official carrier for the conference. Please quote file number MJ02541 to obtain special conference rates. For detailed information consult the conference internet site: www.tnc.com/hrc Registration Form To request information and to return completed registrations contact: International Human Rights Conference Box/CP 11661 * Edmonton, Alberta * Canada T5J 3K8 Tel (403) 453-2638 * Fax (403) 482-1519 e-mail: hrc@tnc.com * www.tnc.com/hrc Charitable registration number: 0322461-59 ___Regular ___Youth/Full-time Students ___Youth Conference only Name _________________________________ Agency ________________________________ Address _______________________________ Country _______________________________ Postal Code ____________________________ Tel: ___________________________________ Fax: ___________________________________ e/mail _________________________________ Payment Method ___MC ___VISA ___Cheque ___Money Order Cardholder Name ________________________ Credit Card # ___________________________ Card Expiry Date ________________________ Signature _______________________________ Date ___________________________________ Amount $ Cdn ___________________________ Co-Sponsors and Contributing Sponsors Alberta Association for Community Living All Provincial Human Rights Commissions in Canada Amnesty International Canada Amoco Canada Petroleum Company Ltd. Canadian Airlines (official carrier for the Conference) Canadian Committee to Protect Journalists Canadian Council for International Cooperation Canadian Council of Churches Canadian Heritage, Government of Canada Canadian Human Rights Commission Canadian International Development Agency Canadian Multicultural Education Foundation Canadian Teachers' Federation Clifford E. Lee Foundation Department of Justice, Government of Canada Edmonton Chinese Lions Club Human Rights, Citizenship and Multiculturalism Education Fund, Government of Alberta International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development International Commission of Jurists - Canadian Section Power Industry Quality Color Press Inc. Syncrude Canada Ltd. TELUS The City of Edmonton The Edmonton Journal The Lester B. Pearson Canadian International Peacekeeping Training Centre TransCanada PipeLines Limited United Nations Association in Canada - Edmonton Chapter University of Alberta: * Centre for Constitutional Studies * Facult? Saint-Jean * Faculty of Law * International Centre * Office of Human Rights Conference Executive Committee Mr. Gurcharan S. Bhatia, CM, Conference Chairperson, Former Commissioner, Canadian Human Rights Commission Mr. J. S. (Jack) O'Neill, Conference Co-Chairperson, Former Chief Commissioner, Alberta Human Rights Commission Professor Patrick Bendin, Faculty of Law, University of Alberta The Honourable James S. Edwards, PC, Former President, Treasury Board of Canada Mr. Bob Fagan, Regional Director, Canadian Human Rights Commission Senator Jean B. Forest, OC, LLD, DD, Former Member, Alberta Human Rights Commission Professor Gerald L. Gall, Faculty of Law, University of Alberta Ms. Nancy Hannemann, Global Education Program Coordinator, International Centre, University of Alberta Mr. Robinson Koilpillai, CM, Commissioner, Canadian Human Rights Commission Ms. Cathy Anne Pachnowski, Human Rights Officer, Office of Human Rights, University of Alberta *** If you have any questions about the conference, I would be happy to answer them. Nancy Hannemann _____________________________ Global Education Coordinator International Centre University of Alberta 172 HUB International Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E2 Nancy.Hannemann@ualberta.ca (403) 492-2692 fax: 492-1134 From panap at panap.po.my Thu Jul 23 18:59:13 1998 From: panap at panap.po.my (PAN Asia Pacific) Date: Thu, 23 Jul 1998 18:59:13 Subject: [asia-apec 524] Militarization in Quezon Message-ID: <2069@panap.po.my> FORWARDED MAIL ------- From: kmp@info.com.ph Date: 22 Jul 98 Rights groups claim militarization on the rise in Quezon by GinaMission Cyberdyaryo www.codewan.htm Militarization in Quezon is on the rise again, or so some human rights groups claim. "They [members of the 74th IBPA] regularly come to our school and ask us students at gunpoint if we or our parents are members of the NPA [New People=92s Army]," said Evelyn Manggubat, 14, describing the harassment she= and other students experienced in San Francisco, Quezon. "They threaten elementary students that they or their parents will be= killed if they are found to be NPAs. They make passes at high school girls," Manggubat added. "They asked me, with their guns to my head, if I=92m an NPA member and even before I could even answer, demanded that I surrender. So when I told them that I=92m not an NPA, they hit me with their guns and then left,= warning me to watch out," said Ruben Amaro, 28, an active member of the Mabuhay Farmers Association (MFA). "I was asked by Major Iba=F1ez of the 74th IBPA (Infantry Batallion, Philippine Army) to add to a list of medicines that they showed me. I looked= at the list and when I said that maybe they could add =91anesthesia=92 to their list, they accused me of being a medical officer of the NPA," narrated Vergie= Panlubasan, a barangay councilor in one of the barrios in San Francisco.=20 "They always came to our house after that and watched everything we did," added Panlubasan. "Sometimes they would stay there for a week or a month. My family members got so scared, my husband=92s sister and mother left after= the first week." This may sound like many of the human rights abuse stories of the 80s, when militarization reigned and curfews, "salvaging," sexual harassment, and= constant surveillance by the military were common. But guess again: the events= related by Manggubat, Amaro and Panlubasan took place in the municipality of San Francisco, Quezon province, in 1998.=20 Recent events have placed the otherwise quiet province of Quezon in the spotlight. On July 7 to 9, farmers from San Francisco camped out in front of DAR to demand the immediate distribution of the land in the controversial Tumbaga Ranch owned by James Murray. The farmers are also demanding the demilitarization of the area. Records from Amihan, a national alliance of women and peasants, reveal that as Tumabaga Ranch expanded over the last few years to accommodate a growing herd of cattle, farmers occupying adjacent lands were subjected to evictions allegedly perpetrated by Murray=92s private armies and civilian= armed forces geographical units (CAFGUs) paid by Murray himself. The farmers, fearing that they would lose lands they had tilled for several decades, organized the MFA, whose membership has expanded to include farmers from neighboring municipalities. From 1989 to 1991 Addie Rebot, a former branch manager of Tumbaga Ranch, and his group of CAFGUs reportedly set fire several times to farmers= =92 houses to force them to evacuate. More than 500 houses were razed to the ground=20 In 1988, when MFA was formed, its leaders were charged and detained for two years. The CAFGUs, with the approval of the 31st IBPA assigned in the area, conducted incessant military operations, indiscriminately firing their M-14 and M-16 rifles in the barangays.=20 With the help of other human rights groups, the campaign against the Tumbaga Ranch private armies, the 31st IBPA and the CAFGUs began in 1993. The campaign was supported by the Quezon provincial board, resulting in the transfer of the 31st IBPA and disbanding of the CAFGUs. The 74th IB took over. But things didn=92t improve. Reports from the fact-finding mission conducted in San Francisco on March 13-15, 1998, by the People=92s Alliance for Justice and Peace (PAJP), Bayan-Southern Tagalog, Amihan, KARAPATAN and the Children=92s Rehabilitation Center (CRC), which was submitted to the Commission on Human Rights, reveal several human rights violations allegedly committed= against residents in the area by the 74th IBPA. A report made by Mary Joan Guan, Amihan=92s representative to Media Task Force, San Francisco, chronicles a string of murders that took place in San Francisco since February this year. The common denominator among the= victims: they were farmers and active members of the MFA who have openly demanded land distribution. The first victim was Marcelito Cacal, 33, a farm worker of the Tumbaga Ranch. Cacal disappeared on February 13, and on April 24 his remains were found buried inside Tumbaga Ranch itself. The second victim was Arnulfo Banares, 51, whose body was found forced inside a crevice in an isolated= spot in barrio Cauayan on May 6. The third victim, Edgar Montemor, 30, was found dead, covered with two large rocks along the seashore of barrio Pung-oy,= last June 4. Three separate sworn statements made by Blessie Cacal, Arnel Rosita, and Rev. Fr. Mario Ronelo Meude and executed before the municipality of San Francisco, detail Cacal=92s "abduction, disappearance, and eventual= salvaging" by the 74th IBPA. Marilag Nano, also in a sworn statement, narrates the= military=92s "abduction, disappearance, and eventual salvaging" of Banares.=20 Amalia, Montemor=92s widow, narrates the circumstances leading to the alleged "salvaging" of her late husband in another sworn statement. Police authorities earlier claimed that he had "drowned to death." Relatives of the victims suspect that the killings could have been= perpetrated by the landlords through their private armies and the 74th IBPA, who= happened to have a detachment inside Tumbaga Ranch. Officials of the 74th IBPA also have a base inside the hacienda of the Matias family. MFA sought the help of Amihan and KARAPATAN to conduct a forensic study on the bodies of the victims. Initial findings indicate that all of the victims were summarily executed. Cacal=92s skull had a large hole ,presumably from a gunshot at close range. A slug was also found in Banares=92 body. Dr. Jerome Bailen, a forensic anthropologist from the University of the Philippines, disclosed that Banares=92 throat was so deeply cut, only a part of his spinal cord= held his body together. Montemor=92s body reportedly had wounds in the abdominal= area. All these reports may mean different things to different people. But to the farmer-residents of San Francisco and other municipalities in Quezon= province, it=92s simple: The human rights violations committed against the victims by= the military and private armies took place because they happened to be farmer-members of the MFA - and because they had publicly clamored for land distribution. MFA and other human rights groups held a picket-rally in front of Camp Aguinaldo last July 8 and demanded that Defense Secretary Orlando Mercado demilitarize Quezon province. Mercado promised to "look into the matter." Last July 14, however, the 74th IBPA was cleared of the allegations of harrassment in San Francisco. Sec. Mercado, who visited Quezon province to "get the side" of the military, in clearing them warned that the "Estrada administration will not tolerate any human rights violations by the= military." San Francisco local officials assured Mercado that the complaints of the farmers were just "purely allegations," adding that the army batallion had= been doing its job well. The farmers, they said, were just "biased against them."= =20 On July 16 the farmers, after a week-long wait for their demands for land distribution and demilitarization of their area, were back in Manila. They= were scheduled to hold a picket-rally the following day at Camp Aguinaldo to= again demand the demilitarization and pull-out of the 74th IBPA. Previous accusations of military involvement in the Tumbaga Ranch-MFA conflict over land distribution have been obscured by Mercado=92s= pronouncement of military innocence, despite evidence pointing to the contrary. Does this= mean that military rule is back? Is militarization to be a fact of life in Quezon once more? From panap at panap.po.my Fri Jul 24 16:12:28 1998 From: panap at panap.po.my (PAN Asia Pacific) Date: Fri, 24 Jul 1998 16:12:28 Subject: [asia-apec 525] Government Arrests KCTU Leaders -- KCTU Calls for Generral Strike Message-ID: <2074@panap.po.my> From: inter@kctu.org ("KCTU Int. Sol.") Date: 20 Jul 98 Korean Confederation of Trade Unions 4th Fl. Samsun Bldg., 12-1 Samsun-Dong 1 Ga, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-041, Korea Tel.: +82-2-765-7269 Fax: +82-2-765-2011 E-mail: inter@kctu.org http://kctu.org KCTU Action Alert July 20, 1998 KCTU Calls for General Strike Midst Government Repression And the Start of Mass Dismissals Government Arrests KCTU General Secretary, Chairperson of KCTU Seoul Regional Council Korean Confederation of Trade Unions will launch a general strike on July 23. All members within 3 hours distance from Seoul are called on to converge in Seoul for all day sit-in strike action. Over 50,000 KCTU members are expected to hold an indefinite sit-in at major public centres in Seoul, including the Seoul Railway Station Plaza, where thousands of unemployed homeless workers have made their home last few months. The KCTU decision to call for another general strike follows the refusal of the government and employers to begin a consultation with the trade unions to develop a socially acceptable framework and principles of a genuine economic reform despite the 3 day coordinated strikes from July 14. Government Rushes to Round Up Union Leaders The KCTU decision is, also, a response to the government's police action to arrest virtually all important trade union leaders. As of July 20, nearly 100 KCTU central, federation, and local leaders are wanted for arrest. Included in the list are Yoo Duk-sang, the first vice-president of KCTU, Dan Byung-ho, the president of the Korean Metal Workers Federation, Kim Ho-seun, the president of Korean Federation of Public Sector Union (at the same time the president of the Korea Telecom Trade Union), and Kim Kwang-shik, the president of 35,000 strong Hyundai Motors Workers Union. Currently five unionists are held in detention by police: Koh Young-joo, the general secretary of KCTU, Im Seung-kyu, the chairperson of the KCTU Seoul Regional Council, Choi Yong-kuk, the chairperson of Pusan-Yangsan Regional Council of the Korean Metalworkers Federation (KMWF), Jeung Yoon-seung, the chairperson of KMWF Inchon-Puchon Regional Council, and Kim Seung-ho, a standing executive committee member of the Hyundai Motors Workers Union. (Mr Kang Jung-man, the president of Hanil Danjo Trade Union was released the day after the arrest, as a result of immediate protest by KCTU. Dan Byung-ho narrowly escaped the capture as the people in his office held off riot police which raided the office.) Koh Young-joo, KCTU general secretary, has immediately begun a hunger strike to protest government repression. The Government-Employer Offensive The spate of arrest signals the beginning of a coordinated action by the government and the employers to destroy the KCTU. The government and employers have continued to ignore and reject the KCTU demands and proposals for a genuine consultation and social agreement as the foundation of a socially acceptable economic reform and restructuring. The Kim Dae Jung government, which has been intent on following the dictate, wishes, and the whims of the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. government, and foreign capital, has finally decided to remove the pretense of 'social dialogue'. As soon as the government made clear its decision, the major conglomerate chaebol magnates, following the government's lead, have begun to sack workers. On July 16, the Hyundai Motors management sent notice of dismissal to some 2,600 workers. On July 20, the management of the Daewoo Motors -- part owned by the General Motors -- gave notice to the Daewoo Motors Workers Union to sack 2,995 workers. Hyundai Motors: The sack notice by the Hyundai Motors management came despite the last minute proposal by the Hyundai Motors Workers Union. In a press conference, held July 16 morning, president Kim Kwang-shik, proposed a comprehensive package of "cost reduction" involving a suspension of allowance payment (amounting to 250 billion won), working hour reduction combine with work sharing by 1,800 workers, and 6 month of rotating leave involving 1,500 workers with 50% wage plus 30% of wage compensation by fund raised by the union. The Hyundai Motors had already shed 5,336 workers through 3 rounds of "voluntary retirement". It had submitted notice of layoff of 4,830 workers to the Ministry of Labour. The management has already announced that it intends to sack additional 6,842 workers if the union fails to agree to a 21.7% reduction in wage. According to the management plan, a total of 16,000 workers may lose their jobs this year. The management responded with disdain by sending out notices to some 2,600 workers. The dismissal list included Kim Kwang-shik, the president of the union, most of the full-time union representatives, and active delegate-shopstewards. On July 20, 1998, despite the announcement by the management of a temporary closure, nearly 10,000 workers reported to work in response to the call by the union. They held protest sit-in. The workers were joined by the family members of workers. Later in the afternoon, the management announced an addition three days of temporary closure to prevent workers joining in the strike. The forced strike by the Hyundai Motors Workers Union is expected to intensify as workers realise that the current management action is based on a callous collusion between the government and the employers. Daewoo Motors: The action by the Hyundai Motors management has been adopted as the model to follow by other conglomerate magnates, as can be seen by the sudden announcement by the Daewoo Motors. It is said that a meeting of the major executives of the Daewoo Group rallied together to follow the Hyundai's lead. In the morning of July 20, the Daewoo Motors management sent a notice of its intention to sack 2,995 workers . The announcement came as the morning newspapers reported that Kim Woo Jung, the president of Daewoo Group, currently serving as the chief representatives of the Korean Federation of Industries, the umbrella organisation of 30 largest chaebol groups -- at the same time the chairperson the Korea International Labour Foundation ("KOILAF" -- supposedly a civilian "labour diplomacy" body to publicise the industrial relations in Korea) funded by the government -- gave a lecture calling for a restraint in dismissing workers. The management declared a three-day temporary closure, to give worker a "cooling off period". KCTU General Strike: an ultimatum The anger of workers is not, however, showing any sign of cooling off. Rather, KCTU unions and members are fast realising that the day of a virtual "showdown" with the blind government and reckless employers is looming closer. Today, KCTU president Lee Kap-yong issued an ultimatum to the government. He outlined a simplified set of demands to the government. * Undertake legal action against employers perpetrating illegal mass dismissal and fulfill the KCTU-Government agreement of June 5. * Hold a "Public Hearing" to identify the culprit of the current economic crisis. * Suspend the current dismissal oriented "structural adjustment" until the "Public Hearing" is completed. - Adopt an effective plan to guarantee jobs for the banks and companies forcibly closed by the government - Suspend the government plan for public utilities restructuration - Suspend the mass dismissals currently being undertaken * Stop all repression of trade union struggle Lee Kap-yong, in a press conference today, declared "it is impossible to undertake a genuine reform of the Korean economy without a thorough investigation and accounting of those individuals -- the chaebol magnates and the corrupt government official -- and the structural problems that gave rise to the crisis." The call for legal action against the culprits of the crisis reflects the public bewilderment and anger at the news that the family of the bankrupt Hanbo Group -- the 13th largest chaebol group -- held stashed away some 46 billion won in a secrete Swiss bank account. President Lee warned that the Kim Dae Jung government is fast falling into the same problem of "failure to reform" which brought about the collapse of the previous Kim Young Sam government. He pointed out that "the Kim Dae Jung government in the 6 months in government has abandoned any pretense of standing on the side of people. It has rather adopted the IMF as its only master and let the chaebols and other ultra conservative elite groups to dominate the government policies. In doing so, it has abandoned all reform agenda which the people has bestowed on Kim Dae Jung in electing him as the president." KCTU's ultimatum presents the minimum common ground for a negotiated breakthrough of the impasse towards a consultative process of a fundamental economic reform. President Lee declared that KCTU will begin an indefinite general strike on July 23 if government fails to accept the KCTU demands. Following the press conference, some 500 leaders of the KCTU-affiliated unions held a special pledge rally at the Myongdong Cathedral to carry out the general strike. They declared that it is no longer sufficient to carry on the struggle based on issues of individual workplaces. Rather, time has come for all workers and unions to fight under a single set of slogans and demands. The resolution adopted at the rally declared, "the current government policies for structural reform has lost all its meaning as a meaning response to the economic crisis. In the government policy 'reform' has come to mean 'mass dismissal'. As a result, workers are driven into ruins. The Kim Dae Jung government's policies are not brining about the recovery of the Korean economy. It is accelerating a total social destruction. It is only strengthening the chaebol groups who are responsible for the current crisis through their irresponsible and reckless activities." The special resolution described the current coordination of government repression of KCTU and the mass dismissals signaled by the chaebol magnates as a "deliberate action to destroy all democratic trade union movement and workers as a force for genuine reform". The resolution declared, "we will rise in a total general strike to frustrate the evil intent", and pledged to organise strongest possible general strike. The Strike Programme In a special message to all members, President Lee Kap-yong called on all KCTU unions to begin strike on July 23 if the government fails to heed KCTU demands. He called on all unions within 3 hour distance from Seoul to bring all their members to Seoul. They will hold an ongoing protest rally and over-night sit-in at major public centres in Seoul. Unions in other regions are called on to organise similar actions in their own location. Furthermore, all other unions are to prepare to converge on Seoul any time called by the leadership. Members coming to Seoul have been informed to bring with them 1 week's requirement in food, cooking tools, and sleeping bags. The Korean Metal Workers Federation plans to lead the KCTU general strike by going into action one day earlier. On July 22, KMWF members from the major unions, such as the Daewoo Motors Workers Unions and Hyundai Motors Workers Unions will hold a major rally at the Seoul Railway Station. On July 23, KCTU members will hold first general strike rally at the Jongmyo Park in downtown Seoul to be followed by a march to the Seoul Railway Station. By 5 p.m., over 50,000 workers are expected to prepare to spend the night at the Seoul Railway Station and the Myongdong Cathedral for all-night protest action. On July 24, the striking workers will hold three simultaneous protest meetings in front of the offices of the Financial Supervisory Commission, the ruling National Congress for New Politics, and the Korean Federation of Industries. Around 4 p.m., workers at the three protest location will spread to create a human chain that surrounds the three major government and employers organisations. Workers who are not able to strike will be encouraged to join the rallies and the all-night protest actions. Korea At A Cross-roads KCTU, realising that the size of demonstrators going into the night may lead to a confrontation with police, declared that all protest actions will be conducted peacefully. It has "ordered" all members to comply with the directives of the leadership, and "warned" the government not to provoke the striking workers. In order to avoid any unnecessary clashes, KCTU has identified a number of second, third line locations for safe all-night protest action. KCTU members are called on to restrain from confronting the police despite any provocation and disperse to gather at the second and third line locations. The KCTU general strike beginning on July 23 is expected to draw a new line in the KCTU-government relations. KCTU has presented a new simplified set of demands to the government as an ultimatum. The KCTU demands are designed as the last resort effort to create a minimum common ground between the government and the trade union movement. Government's positive response can lead to a constructive -- while it cannot but always be fragile -- common platform for a consultative process towards a genuine economic reform. But the government failure can only be construed as the beginning of a government's war agains workers. For more information, contact Yoon Youngmo International Secretary KCTU email: inter@kctu.org fax: +82-2-765-2011 tel.: +82-2-765-7269 From rverzola at phil.gn.apc.org Sat Jul 25 22:35:02 1998 From: rverzola at phil.gn.apc.org (Roberto Verzola) Date: Sat, 25 Jul 1998 22:35:02 Subject: [asia-apec 526] pnf38-3 Message-ID: <199807251401.WAA11806@phil.gn.apc.org> I would like to share with others the story below by the Philippine News and Features (pnf@phil.gn.apc.org). This hopefully also serves as a reminder that genetic information -- its manipulation and commercialization -- is also part of ICT (Bill Gates has biotech investments, by the way). Genetic engineering is an important aspect of the fundamental change the U.S. economy is undergoing, from an industrial to an information economy. Intellectual property rights (IPR) are the dominant form of control/ownership in such an economy under capitalism. Obet Verzola --------------------------- FARMERS, STUDENTS PROTEST LIFE FORM PATENTING KABANKALAN CITY (PNF) -- Still reeling from the year-long devastation by El Nin~o's dry spell, about 10,000 farmers, students, religious and others marched through the streets of this new city south of Negros Occidental. They reject a disaster-in-the-making for Filipino farmers - the patenting of life forms. The patent system, proposed in 1995 through the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), gives global corporations the right to claim monopoly ownership over plant and animal lives, says a statement of the farmers' organizations read at the rally. The statement, titled "No to life patents!," is being circulated for signing throughout Asia. The statement says local farmer-breeders will be obliged to pay royalties on every generation of plants and livestock they buy and reproduce. They will cease to have free access to seeds for developing new varieties of plants and animals. Consumers, the statement adds, will likely end up paying higher prices for food, medicines, seeds and other products of modern biotechnology. The rally was to be the start of what organizers said will be a nationwide campaign. The goal is to inform the people of the ill-effects of patenting life forms, particularly of plant varieties as stipulated in Article 27.3 of the TRIPS. One of the most contested provisions in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), TRIPS will be reviewed by WTO members in 1999. "We are doing this to send a strong signal to our government that the people do not want patents on all life forms, to oppose biopiracy and to urge the government negotiators to take a strong stand in the coming TRIPS re-negotiations," said Max Oyos, local rally coordinator. Representatives of farmer, scientist and consumer groups and federations from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao joined the rally, organized by MAPISAN, an alliance of 12 farmers' federations in Negros Occidental and the nongovernment Paghidaet sa Kauswagan Development Group (PDG). Support came from the Magsasaka at Siyentipiko Para sa Kaunlaran (MASIPAG - Farmers- Scientists Partnership for Development), an organization based in Laguna. Delegations from Italy, Brazil, Costa Rica, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Spain, all belonging to the Genetic Resources Action International (GRAIN), also joined the rally. They shared experiences in promoting and protecting community and farmers' rights over their countries' biodiversity. The Diocese of Kabankalan, which considered the rally as a diocesan activity, mobilized about 4,000 student leaders and teachers from its various parish schools in central and southern Negros. "No one has the right to own life forms in the world," declared Luzon farmers' groups in a statement read at the rally by Eleanor Dayag, board chair of the Congress of Small Organized Groups in Camarines Sur. "We should not allow foreigners to own plant varieties," said a farmer from the Visayas groups. Mindanao-based farmers added that they oppose intellectual property rights (IPR) because it will destroy their future. Kabankalan was chosen as rally site because here the farmers have firm control of the rice cultivars that they have adopted and been using, according to Manny Yap, rally organizer and chair of PDG. The patenting of life forms will alter or wipe out this situation, he added. Many of the farmers who joined the rally have adopted the MASIPAG farming technique which uses traditional varieties selected, bred and produced by them through organic farming. There are now crops conceded to be "owned" by their developers and farmers could not plant them unless they paid a fee, said Roberto Verzola, secretary-general of the newly-organized Philippine Greens. Some 160 biotech patents on rice are held by transnational companies, most of them based in the United States and Japan, according to Suhay, a MASIPAG newsletter. The top 13 rice patent holders hold over half of the patents covering Asia's staple food. The top biotechnology patent holders on rice are: Pioneer Hi-bred International, USA (17 patents), Mitsui-Toatsu Chemicals, Japan (13), Monsanto, USA (7), Japan Tobacco, Japan (8) and Novartis, Switzerland (5). Other plants which have been processed and patented by foreign companies are banaba for curing diabetes, sambong for tumor, and lagundi for hair growing. University of the Philippines at Los Ban~os agronomy professor Dr. Oscar Zamora sid the Philippines and India are the first two WTO member countries to come up with a bill protecting plant varieties. But the bill is still pending in Congress. Zamora said the majority of the member-countries must unite to scrap the clause which legalizes patenting of life forms, or limit its scope such that less life forms like plant varieties will be patentable. Under the WTO- TRIPS agreement, "inventors" of microorganisms, microbiological processes and products and plant and animal varieties can patent their work. The first option is difficult as the US, Japan and the European Union have legalized patenting of life forms in their countries, Zamora said. Roger Samson, a Canadian farmer, said patenting will only strengthen multinational control over life forms. One way to fight it is to develop rice varieties that will make the farmers self-reliant and quit buying foreign products. "We must develop farms that will be independent from these companies," he urged.# (Leti Z. Boniol) Philippine News and Features From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Mon Jul 27 12:51:16 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Mon, 27 Jul 1998 15:51:16 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 527] Taxi row catches out secret agents Message-ID: <6470se1w165w@corso.ch.planet.gen.nz> >From NZ Herald, Auckland 13/7/98 Taxi row catches out secret agents Official papers left in missing van by Tony Stickley Sensitive papers concerning a visit to New Zealand by Canada's prime minister went missing as Canadian secret service agents unwittingly got caught up in an Auckland taxi firm's internal warring. The embarrassing lapse in security happened during the Commonwealth heads of government meeting (Chogm) in Auckland in 1995 but has only now come to light and may have implications for next year's Apec meeting, also to be held in Auckland. The agents, led by a lieutenant-colonel, were responsible for the safety of the Canadian premier, Jean Chretien. Wherever he goes in his official Airbus 300, Canada One, they go too. But while the "spooks" have proved themselves more than capable in providing security for their prime minister around the world, they did not count on having to deal with internal discord at the Auckland Co-op Taxi Society. The agents hired a taxi-van, with its signs taken down, to ferry them around town incognito for the week of the conference. But unbeknown to them, the vehicle was at the centre of a complex dispute between their driver and a person who is now a member of the society's executive. Near the end of the week, the six agents took the driver out to lunch to thank him for his services. When they returned to where the taxi was parked at the Manukau shopping centre they found it had gone - and with it a satchel containing papers relating to the visit and possibly preliminary information on next year's Apec conference. "They were very calm and professional about it but deep down there were undercurrents, okay. Put it this way - they weren't laughing. It wasn't a funny matter," said the driver, who has since left Co-Op and resolved his dispute over the taxi-van. The van was recovered a couple of hours later. It is understood that the police became involved but no action was taken. Yesterday a spokeswoman for the Canadian High Commission in Wellington said that Ottawa "refused to confirm or deny the incident." Meanwhile, former Superintendent Brian Rowe, in charge of security for Chogm, said he had not heard about the Canadians' taxi difficulties. Currently in unrelated cases, members of the Co-Op executive are suing three other drivers or former drivers for $2.3 million for alleged defamation. One of the those drivers has counter-sued, also alleging defamation. From panap at panap.po.my Mon Jul 27 16:01:26 1998 From: panap at panap.po.my (PAN Asia Pacific) Date: Mon, 27 Jul 1998 16:01:26 Subject: [asia-apec 528] Asia-Pacific Peoples' Assembly Message-ID: <2091@panap.po.my> THE ASIA-PACIFIC PEOPLES' ASSEMBLY November 10-15, 1998 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia CONFRONTING GLOBALIZATION: REASSERTING PEOPLES' RIGHTS Thisyear's Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders' Meeting wil l be held in November in Malaysia. Since the first Leaders' Meeting in 1993, representatives of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), people's organisations, and social movements have met in parallel gatherings to highlight concerns about the "free trade, free market" model of trade and investment liberalisation that APEC promotes. Today, a strong global movement continuously monitors, educates and mobilises people to fight the neoliberal economic programmes causing untold hardship to workers, women and peoples the world over. More than 300 participants from the Asia-Pacific region are expected to attend the Peoples' Assembly in Kuala Lumpur. This year's assembly is of utmost importance given the current financial crisis in Asia, the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the upcoming negotiations at the WTO. Issues and sector forums, some of which may take place outside of Malaysia prior to the Peoples' Assembly, will feed into a two-day plenary session on November 13-14 in Kuala Lumpur. Each Forum will be required to commit to at least two specific actions that it can present at the plenary session. The plenary will build a common analysis and a plan of action with the overall objective to strengthen the peoples' movement against globalisation. In Malaysia, preparations for the summit have begun. In February, over 20 organisations attended a workshop on APEC in Kuala Lumpur. A Secretariat and a Working Committee have been formed and local organisations have committed to hosting various issue and sector forums. A national process of events, seminars, and workshops prior to the summit will raise awareness about APEC and globalisation and increase local participation in the summit activities. What is APEC? APEC is a regional consultative forum that includes Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States, with Peru, Russia, and Vietnam as new members this year. APEC aims for regional free trade by the year 2010 for developed countries and 2020 for developing countries. "Through APEC, we aim to get governments out of the way, opening the way for business to do business."- US Assistant Secretary of State for Econom ic Affairs Joan Spero APEC is a non-accountable body in which heads-of-state meet behind closed doors as "Economic Leaders": representatives of economies not countries. Participation is limited to government, business, and academia, and, as a result, APEC fails to address the impact of globalisation on workers, the environment, human rights, women, indigenous peoples, farmers, and the poor. The Asia-Pacific Peoples' Assembly refuses to let APEC ignore these issues. Why a Peoples' Assembly? There is a rush to globalise. All over the world, governments are racing to negotiating tables, eager to sign their sovereignty away for pieces of the economic miracle that globalisation promises. The supposed miracle is tempting: rapid economic growth, rapid development-a gateway to the good life. It is also threatening: those who do not join will surely perish in poverty, isolation, and backwardness. But the simplicity of its message masks the enormity of its effect: globalisation may be the most fundamental redesign of the world's economic, political, and cultural systems ever to take place. Globalisation, through modern communications and through free trade blocks, multilateral agreements such as the WTO, and global financial institut ions such as the World Bank and the IMF, has produced an unprecedented integration of the world economy. Money, as those in Mexico and Southeast Asia certainly understand, can now travel the world in seconds. Proponents of globalisation argue that this integration strengthens competition and ensures the optimum distribution of resources. They claim it will bring rapid economic growth and prosperity for all. But, behind the promises of prosperity there exists a grim reality: the disintegration of the social order, increasing inequality and squalor, displacement and landlessness, violence and homelessness, alienation and growing fear of the future. Globalisation has also brought massive damage to the natural world as evidenced by global climate change, ozone depletion, widespread species loss, water crises, and numerous forms of pollution. Globalisation has not even managed to create the so-called level-playing field that it promises; multilateral agreements continue to reflect power imbalances between the north and the south. Few southern countries possess the technological know-how and capital to compete within the global economy, and multilateral agreements on investments and intellectual property only exacerbate the inequalities between nations. Consequently, competition to attract capital invariably depends on the "environment" for in vestment; in other words, the cost of labour, the degree of environmental and safety regulations, and the level of taxation. This is not development but a race to the bottom. The proponents of globalisation look beyond the current reality; they speak about how all boats will eventually rise with the tide of economic growth. In the meantime, they acknowledge that some people will have to suffer and shoulder the risks. These people are clearly not from transnational corporations, which now control more than 60% of all global trade. And, they are certainly not the wealthy, who can afford the imported food and the newly privatised services such as health care. They are farmers forced off their lands to make way for large-scale monoculture crops for export. They are workers who have lost jobs to machines and corporate flight. They are women forced to sell their bodies in the tourism industry. They are indigenous peoples forced off their lands for short-term mining profits. And, as they wait for globalisation's unseen rewards, these people are rapidly losing any democratic space that they may have had to voice their opposition to these policies and to seek their rightful dues. Globalisation has to be scrutinised and exposed. It is a process that concentrates capital and political control in the hands of the few, while offering nothing to those most in need. We must develop a vision of a radically reshaped international economic and financial order where economic power, wealth and income are more equitably distributed and the environment is respected. This is our challenge when we meet during the Peoples' Assembly. Confronting Globalisation: Reasserting Peoples' Rights 1998 marks the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Yet, as we celebrate the recognition of our universal rights, violations of these rights have increased dramatically this year. The current regional crisis has upset economies, communities, and environments, and has undermined the economic, social, and cultural rights that we have struggled hard for. As past People's Summits have warned, the crisis is the logical outcome of a model of development that clearly fails to grasp what "human rights" mean. Labour Globalisation was supposed to bring more jobs, at least that was what was promised. Instead, workers everywhere are losing work and settling for less as employers, armed with labour saving technologies and open markets, surf the world picking the best bid from countries desperate for investment. In the name of profit maximisation and efficiency, workers are told to compete globally, creating a vicious downward spiral as wages and benefits fall to the lowest common denominator. Any opposition to these deteriorating conditions is met by smug reminders that jobs can always go elsewhere. And indeed they do. While resistance to free trade is met with stiff punishments, the demand for common labour standards is given nothing but lip service. Workers are constantly denied the right of association and the right to bargain collectively. Workers taking industrial action are met with state repression as governments bend to the will of investors. Globalisation binds the hands of labour as it frees the hands of capital. Women Women suffer most from globalisation. In Asia, where the economic crisis has brought massive unemployment, 60% of those retrenched have been women. Increasing poverty and a growing lack of resources have forced women to migrate across borders only to work in harsh and exploitative conditions without rights to organise. The New World Order has escalated the trade of women for sex and bonded or forced labour. And the privatisation of basic services, especially health care, is a further threat to women's health and reproductive rights. Food Security What do the promoters of globalisation envision for agriculture? They see a world where nations produce what they can produce most efficiently and trade those products for the goods that they need from other nations. In this scenario, some nations may not even need any agriculture, because they can trade industrial goods for food. Small farmers may be forced off their lands, but this is part of industrialisation. And if transnational corporations can bring food to the table more cheaply, then so be it. But what happens when your currency crashes and you are unable to pay for the food or agricultural inputs that you have to import? What happens to the millions whose only access to food comes from their access to land? What happens when most of the world's food system is controlled by a handful of transnational corporations? What guarantees would there be that the food we eat and produce is safe and sustainable? And, what kind of free market is there anyway when the average annual subsidy to an American farmer is nearly 8 times the annual income of the average Malaysian farmer? Indeed, what happens to food security in the global economy? Proposed Programme of the Peoples' Assembly November 10: Opening Ceremonies Discussion: "Trade and Investment Liberalisation" November 11-12: Issue and Sector Forums Human Rights and Democracy Food Security and Agriculture The Environment and Sustainability Privatisation and Financial Deregulation The Arms Trade and Militarization The Urban Poor Workers Globalization and Children Strategies for Peasant Movements The Media Indigenous Peoples Migrant Labour Women Youth and Students November 13-14: Peoples' Assembly (Plenary) November 15: Final Assembly Closing Activity Interested organisations and individuals from within and outside of Malaysia are encouraged to join in hosting the Peoples' Assembly. If you or your organisation are interested in hosting or assisting with a Peoples' Assembly event, an issue or sector forum, or a cultural activity, please contact the Secretariat for more information. The intention is to create a genuine space to contest crucial ideas and issues in an open and participatory way. The Secretariat 57 Lorong Kurau, 59100 Luck Gardens, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel: 603-283-6245 fax: 603-283-3536 Email: appasec.@tm.net.my Website: www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/8340 From joprice at unixg.ubc.ca Tue Jul 28 23:25:27 1998 From: joprice at unixg.ubc.ca (John Price) Date: Tue, 28 Jul 1998 07:25:27 -0700 Subject: [asia-apec 529] Asian Crisis In-Reply-To: References: <3.0.5.32.19980706065131.00aa3400@iatp.org> Message-ID: <3.0.1.32.19980728072527.0072d06c@pop.interchange.ubc.ca> Vancouver Sun Why just assurances for capital? unions ask rulers of Asia-Pacific : A year ago yesterday, currency speculators whelped an international financial crisis. Recovery policies have ignored working people, a Canadian academic observes. Publication date: Friday, July 3, 1998 EDITION Final SECTION Editorial PAGE A19 LENGTH 915 words ILLUS Photo: Vancouver Sun, Files / Korean protesters last fall in Kwangmyung: These employees of financially troubled Kia Motors have been unable to halt the ``dismemberment of [an] otherwise productive venture,'' Prof. Price reports. Millions of Asians have lost their jobs in the last year. BY John Price Author Note: John Price teaches Asian history at the University of Victoria. He is a research associate with the B.C. office of the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and recently returned from a three-week Asia-Pacific visit. In Hong Kong, shoppers scatter before marching women whose placards demand severance pay from Triumph Manufacturing, a German-owned garment company that sacked 110 workers a day earlier. The voices of hundreds of workers and social activists echo among the towering skyscrapers of the city centre as they march to the offices of chief executive Tung Chee-hwa to demand job-creation fiscal measures and government support for the unemployed. In Korea, 2,000 workers occupy the paint shop and head office of Kia Motors to protest the imminent dismemberment of this otherwise productive venture. The day before, hundreds of women demonstrate in downtown Seoul to demand the government provide support for unemployed women. In Taipei, under a blazing sun, dozens of women protest their dismissal by the Taiwanese government outside central government offices. In Japan, union activists distribute leaflets in front of the ministry of transportation in Tokyo, denouncing the ministry's lack of supervision of airlines. Airlines in Japan, according to the protesters, lost more than $3 billion by speculating in currency markets and other ventures. Unions and social activists are organizing in every country on the other side of the Pacific to confront the consequences of the Asian financial crisis - now in its second year. A year ago yesterday currency speculators forced the Thai government to allow its currency, the baht, to float. A massive currency depreciation ensued in Thailand and then in Indonesia, Malaysia and other countries. What began as a run on currencies quickly escalated into a serious financial crisis, as foreign investors withdrew billions of dollar from affected countries. In November, South Korea defaulted on its loans and Japan's large securities firm, Yamaichi, went bankrupt, exposing deep fault lines within the banking system. The International Monetary Fund intervened, imposing harsh conditions including high interest rates, balanced budgets, and further financial liberalization in return for $100 billion in loan guarantees. The crisis, however, has deepened and spread. Singapore and China are on the verge of being swept into the maelstrom. While the IMF and the governments of the country's most affected have guaranteed that banks and international investors are protected, the have not extended the same guarantees to working people and their families, particularly women, who are often expected to provide sustenance in the absence of a social safety net. Millions have lost their jobs in a scant few months. But the unemployment statistics often conceal as much as they reveal. The real story is told by the 52-year-old mother in Seoul who, in the face of the won's depreciation, agonized about finding the money to send to sustain her son's education in Australia, to the point where she leapt from the 16th floor of her apartment building. The real story is told by the 250,000 Thai children who in the last year have been forced to quit school to find work to sustain their families. The real story is in the Seoul orphanage that found 20 children left on its doorstep in the past three months, abandoned by their parents who, for one reason or another, are unable to manage in the face of job loss. The real story is in the faces of the teenage runaways on the streets of Hong Kong, young people who have fled families where mothers and fathers are being forced to work longer hours than ever to maintain a basic family income. The human devastation is real and it is growing. But there is also hope as people organize to defend their rights and their livelihood. They face serious challenges. In the name of international competitiveness, governments and corporations in Asia, often multinationals, are demanding that workers accept layoffs, wage cuts and the ``casualization'' of work - when-needed employment. This is no coincidence. It reflects the economic orthodoxy that dominates international economic institutions. But this orthodoxy in increasingly being challenged. Young-mo Yoon, international secretary for the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions, said in an interview that his union is demanding a review and renegotiation of the IMF deal with South Korea. At a special APEC symposium on the crisis held in Taipei, Nigel Haworth, a University of Auckland business professor and APEC consultant, concluded that the social crisis imbued him with ``distinctly un-APEC like feelings.'' He suggested that perhaps it was time to abandon the orthodoxy of trade and investment liberalization and look at alternative models of economic development. APEC finance ministers, meeting in Canada in May, continued to endorse the ``approach of the IMF, the World Bank, and the Asia Development Bank in addressing the financial instability in Asia.'' Canada continues to pursue similar policies as a member of the G-8, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. In so doing, Canada has directly contributed to the crisis in Asia. There are concrete alternatives that Canada can and should be promoting to promote sustainable human development in Asia and throughout the world. These include: - A tax on currency speculation as a first step towards a fixed but flexible currency exchanges system. - Deposit insurance on short-term capital investment, which help deter volatility in capital markets. - Abandonment of international advocacy of privatization and deregulation and promote the benefits of nationalized institutions such as medicare and public education. - Reinstatement of the overseas development budget from its unconscionable level. Learning from the depression of the 1930s and the world war that followed, John Maynard Keynes and others recognized that world capitalism required strict regulation. The Asian crisis is reinforcing that lesson *** END OF DOCUMENT *** John Price University of Victoria Currently in Vancouver (April-August) Tel. 604 437-5866 Fax 604 437-7014 From owner-asia-apec at jca.ax.apc.org Tue Jul 28 18:17:54 1998 From: owner-asia-apec at jca.ax.apc.org (owner-asia-apec@jca.ax.apc.org) Date: Tue, 28 Jul 1998 18:17:54 +0900 (JST) Subject: [asia-apec 530] BOUNCE asia-apec@jca.ax.apc.org: Header field too long (>1024) Message-ID: <199807280917.SAA08852@mail.jca.ax.apc.org> >From owner-asia-apec Tue Jul 28 18:17:51 1998 Return-Path: Received: from mongkok.hk.super.net (mongkok.hk.super.net [202.14.67.46]) by mail.jca.ax.apc.org (8.8.8/3.6W_JCA-AX-K5) with ESMTP id SAA08837; Tue, 28 Jul 1998 18:17:32 +0900 (JST) Received: from kwaifong.hk.super.net (root@kwaifong.hk.super.net [202.14.67.7]) by mongkok.hk.super.net (8.8.8/8.8.8) with ESMTP id RAA02797; Tue, 28 Jul 1998 17:13:23 +0800 (HKT) Received: from MyComputer.hk.super.net (max6-67.hk.super.net [202.64.22.67]) by kwaifong.hk.super.net with ESMTP id RAA04673; Tue, 28 Jul 1998 17:13:00 +0800 (HKT) Message-Id: <199807280913.RAA04673@kwaifong.hk.super.net> From: "ALARM (APEC Labour Rights Monitor)" Subject: Final Declaration of the Sumit Date: Tue, 28 Jul 1998 17:12:01 -0700 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Priority: 3 X-Mailer: Microsoft Internet Mail 4.70.1155 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Dear Friends, Here is the final declaration of the People's Summit held in Chile last April. This was sent by Coral Pey (RECHIP). ********** Final Declaration of the Summit Santiago, Chile, April 18, 1998 In the People's Summit of the Americas-- a gathering of union, social, environmental, women's, native, human rights', educational and parliamentary organizations-- we have taken a united stand in favour of economic, social and cultural integration, but one that truly benefits the people of the Americas, not the one set up within a trade framework, directed by corporations and applied by governments. The priorities of our integration proposals are participatory democracy, sustainable development, and cultural and ethnic diversity. We have no reason to believe in the fulfilment of the social commitments signed by governments. Most of the recommendations from the Round of Social Conferences of the United Nations still have not been implemented. The social concerns proclaimed at the First Summit of the Americas in Miami have not been acted upon either. We believe that governments will go on using these proclaimed social concerns as bargaining chips in their trade negotiations. In practice, these declarations contradict their own policies which result in the deterioration of public services. In most of the continent's countries, programs to privatize education and social security continue. We are convinced that the Americas does not need free trade. It needs fair trade, regulated investment, and a conscious consumer strategy which privileges national development projects. We call governments' attention to the priorities which our people have set and which have not been taken into consideration in their official conferences. We place emphasis on the following priorities which were debated at the People's Summit: *Human, social, labour, environmental and citizens' rights *Aboriginal peoples *Sustainable development *Alternatives to socioeconomic integration *Farm workers and Agrarian Reform *Ethics in the political process All of these topics were amply discussed and debated by representatives and members of the organizations which are most representative of civil society in the countries of our hemisphere who met in 10 different forums from April 15 to 18 in the city of Santiago. Our debates reflected the richness, diversity and plurality of our peoples, as well as our ability to formulate proposals. Under the criteria of inter-sectoral discussions, the forums analyzed the following issues: *Globalization and integration *Development and sustainability *Investment *Employment and quality of life *Follow-through of the Summit We made a commitment to work for the demands which came out of the forums and to pressure government authorities of our respective countries on our conclusions and on the plan of action which we have adopted. We reject the anti-democratic character of agreements such as the FTAA. Organizations which represent distinct segments of civil society in our continents are excluded from the process. Not even legislators are consulted, thus restricting even more the limits of democratic representation. We do not accept that any more of these kinds of agreements, which have negative repercussions for the population as a whole, be signed at the cost of our peoples. We demand that the fundamental negation of our economic sovereignty implied by carrying out accords such as the Free Trade Area of the Americas or the Multilateral Agreement on Investment be directly and ultimately decided upon by the citizens of the Americas, by plebiscite, preceded by fully informed national debates. Our Summit's goal is to call attention to the inequalities which the official meetings insist upon ignoring. *Increased unemployment, informal work situations, precarious labour relations, intensification of work rhythms, and salary reductions. *Increased female and child poverty, along with forms of overexploitation such as forced labour, child labour, and discrimination against women. *Continuous degradation of our peoples' environment and quality of life. *Increased migration, xenophobia, and the lack of recognition of the rights of migrant workers. *Permanent and increased violations of the rights of our indigenous peoples to their life, land, and cultural values. *Concentration of rural property, growing conflicts over land ownership, murder of farm worker activists, and impunity for their murderers. *Urban violence, insecurity, and social exclusion. The People's Summit of the Americas was a milestone in the process of hemispheric articulation of a united strategy which we have called the Hemispheric Social Alliance to fight against neoliberal trade integration. Free trade rhetoric is inconsistent with the trade blockade of Cuba. The People's Summit of the Americas reaffirms that continental integration processes must be built upon the principles of participatory democracy, equality, social justice, respect for cultural and ethnic diversity, social development, and ecological sustainability. From owner-asia-apec at jca.ax.apc.org Tue Jul 28 18:40:01 1998 From: owner-asia-apec at jca.ax.apc.org (owner-asia-apec@jca.ax.apc.org) Date: Tue, 28 Jul 1998 18:40:01 +0900 (JST) Subject: [asia-apec 531] BOUNCE asia-apec@jca.ax.apc.org: Header field too long (>1024) Message-ID: <199807280940.SAA10398@mail.jca.ax.apc.org> >From owner-asia-apec Tue Jul 28 18:39:58 1998 Return-Path: Received: from chaiwan.hk.super.net (chaiwan.hk.super.net [202.14.67.34]) by mail.jca.ax.apc.org (8.8.8/3.6W_JCA-AX-K5) with ESMTP id SAA10268; Tue, 28 Jul 1998 18:37:04 +0900 (JST) Received: from kwaifong.hk.super.net (root@kwaifong.hk.super.net [202.14.67.7]) by chaiwan.hk.super.net (8.8.8/8.8.8) with ESMTP id RAA03976; Tue, 28 Jul 1998 17:12:24 +0800 (HKT) Received: from MyComputer.hk.super.net (max6-67.hk.super.net [202.64.22.67]) by kwaifong.hk.super.net with ESMTP id RAA04139; Tue, 28 Jul 1998 17:10:54 +0800 (HKT) Message-Id: <199807280910.RAA04139@kwaifong.hk.super.net> From: "ALARM (APEC Labour Rights Monitor)" Subject: APEC Documents from Chile Date: Tue, 28 Jul 1998 17:08:52 -0700 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Priority: 3 X-Mailer: Microsoft Internet Mail 4.70.1155 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_01BDBA4A.65805F60" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_01BDBA4A.65805F60 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit ------=_NextPart_000_01BDBA4A.65805F60 Content-Type: application/octet-stream; name="Ape.doc" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Description: Ape.doc (Microsoft Word Document) Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="Ape.doc" 0M8R4KGxGuEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPgADAP7/CQAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAASQAAAAAAAAAA EAAASwAAAAEAAAD+////AAAAAEgAAAD///////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAA= ------=_NextPart_000_01BDBA4A.65805F60-- From jbargue at direct.ca Wed Jul 29 06:08:36 1998 From: jbargue at direct.ca (Beard) Date: Tue, 28 Jul 1998 14:08:36 -0700 Subject: [asia-apec 532] Re: BOUNCE asia-apec@jca.ax.apc.org: Header field too long (>1024) References: <199807280940.SAA10398@mail.jca.ax.apc.org> Message-ID: <35BE3DD4.6A54@direct.ca> Hi, This long message was unreadable. John [John Argue] From danie at indo.net.id Wed Jul 29 09:06:47 1998 From: danie at indo.net.id (Dani Wahyu Munggoro-LATIN) Date: Wed, 29 Jul 1998 07:06:47 +0700 Subject: [asia-apec 533] Re: Asian Crisis References: <3.0.5.32.19980706065131.00aa3400@iatp.org> <3.0.1.32.19980728072527.0072d06c@pop.interchange.ubc.ca> Message-ID: <35BE6797.52B45ED6@indo.net.id> Hi Boneter, Jangan gunakan mailing-list ini caci maki. Ketidakpuasan Anda kepada Bonet jadi urusan Anda sendiri. Seperti tantangan Pak Michael untuk protes langsung jangan gunakan mailing list ini. Hidup Bonet! Dani From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Fri Jul 31 07:42:24 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Fri, 31 Jul 1998 10:42:24 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 534] APEC 99 - CEOs Summit Message-ID: Top Business Summit To Tap into APEC - Yoke Har Lee, NZ Herald, 16/7/98 A group of New Zealand business people is seizing the opportunity for the country to play host to a chief executives' summit alongside next year's Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation's (Apec) leaders meeting. Deemed a once-in-a-lifetime event for New Zealand, next year's Apec will be significant as it will be held post-Asian crisis, against the backdrop of regional economies coming to terms with the dynamics shaping global business. A working party has been set up to host the CEOs' summit. It is chaired by Wilson and Horton's chief executive, John Maasland. Others in the working committee are representatives from Air New Zealand, law firm Bell Gully Buddle Weir, the Wellington Chamber of Commerce, the American Chambers of Commerce and International Capital Corporation. Trade New Zealand, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Ministry of Commerce have been invited to participate. "Previous chief executives' summits have assisted pickups in trade and investment flows back to the host economy," Mr Maasland said. Given the current economic challenges affecting the Asia Pacific region, the proposal to have the summit is even more relevant and pressing, he said. "If we miss this now, and we leave it entirely to a limited few - to the leaders and politicians, and indeed the bureaucratic sector, we are going to lose out on a tremendous opportunity." "The CEOs' summit will allow the New Zealand business community to, in a subtle way, sell itself to the world," Lex Henry, Bell Gully's representative on the working party told the Business Herald. New Zealand hopes to set itself apart from other previous CEOs' summits by not focusing on numbers or having a jamboree of CEOs, but to engage the wider business community whose lives would be affected by Apec leaders' decisions to free up regional trade. Although the theme for the CEOs' summit would be determined by the outcome of this year's Kuala Lumpur Apec meeting, subjects close to New Zealand's heart would be in the primary products sectors, electronics and telecommunications, among others. Within Apec, there is a business arm called the Apec Business Advisory Council (Abac). Mr Maasland said the CEO's summit would dovetail nicely with what Abac hopes to achieve. Mr Henry dismissed suggestions that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was lukewarm towards New Zealand hosting a CEOs' summit. From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Fri Jul 31 08:23:05 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Fri, 31 Jul 1998 11:23:05 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 535] Re: PECC Media In-Reply-To: Message-ID: <7c0gTe2w165w@corso.ch.planet.gen.nz> To: gattwd Subject: PECC Media From: gattwd Reply-To: gattwd@corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Comments: Gatt Watchdog Message-ID: Date: Fri, 31 Jul 98 11:17:34 +1200 Organization: PlaNet Gaia Otautahi > [Image] > PRESS RELEASES   > > PEO depicts 1998 as "recession year" for the Asia Pacific region > > --------------------------------------------------------------- > > PECC NEWS -- Embargoed for release at 2 June 1998, 10pm > > Singapore, 2 June, 1998 - The Asian financial crisis marks a sharp > cyclical turning point in the regional economy of the Asia Pacific, > and 1998 is best characterised as a recession year. This is according > to the Pacific Economic Outlook (PEO) 1998-99 report released by the > Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC), which forecast 2.5% > average real GDP growth for the region in 1998, significantly down > from the 4.3% actual weighted average growth in 1997. > > The financial crisis is clearly the major force depressing the region, > although it has a differential impact on the 20 Pacific economies > covered by the PEO. A second factor is the economic recession in Japan > and the yen's depreciation. > > The PEO expects the economies most seriously affected by the financial > crisis -- Indonesia, Korea and Thailand to contract in 1998. The > seriously affected include Hong Kong, Malaysia, the Philippines and > Singapore, and these economies may grow three percentage points less > than without the financial crisis. The impact of the crisis on all the > other PEO economies is only indirect, and not very powerful relative > to other forces. Of these economies, Japan and Russia are predicted to > experience negative growth. > > The sector most likely to be hardest hit is the domestic financial > service industry, especially weak banks and other under-capitalized > financial intermediaries. Many non-financial firms will go bankrupt. > Domestic investment and construction are being curtailed due to high > real interest rates, and over-capacity from past investments. > Consumption is falling with the drop in consumer confidence and > declining real income. > > The demand for "guest workers" is slowing. Intra-Asia tourism is also > being hit hard. > > Reflecting the depreciation of currencies, consumer price inflation > for the region is forecast to increase in 1998, but will remain > moderate at 3.9 percent, a 0.5 percentage point rise from 1997. One of > the major reasons is the decline in world commodity prices that also > partly reflects the Asian turmoil. > > The current account deficit for the region as a whole is forecast to > rise a bit in 1998. This is entirely accounted for by the further > expected deterioration in the external accounts of the United Sates. > > The PEO sees the start of a recovery in 1999, but identifies four > classes of risks to the forecast, all on the downside. These are: > > 1. Excessive monetary contraction in the seriously affected > economies. > 2. Political uncertainty in several economies - especially > Australia, Colombia, Indonesia and the Philippines. > 3. Failure of Japan's fiscal stimulus to foster a recovery of its > economy. > 4. Outside risk of a protectionist backlash as Asia's economies try > to grow out of the recession partly by encouraging increased > trade surpluses. > > Besides presenting the economic outlook for 1998-1999, PEO 1998-99 > contains a retrospective on the Asian financial crisis. It highlights > two lessons from the turmoil: > > 1. The importance of having efficient private financial > intermediaries - which can be fostered through competition and > prudential oversight. > 2. The importance of transparency and proper accounting standards. > > On other implications, the PEO says "it appears that the financial > crisis has elevated the status and role of China in East and Southeast > Asia" - China's decision not to devalue the Renminbi will be crucial > in preventing another round of competitive depreciations. > > In reviewing the IMF's role in the Asian financial crisis, the PEO is > of the view that the presence of the IMF is necessary and critical, as > a lender of last resort to prevent a systemic meltdown and in helping > to restore confidence. But the IMF can make mistakes. To its credit, > the IMF has been flexible when it becomes clear that elements in its > packages are inappropriate. This flexibility will be an essential > element in restoring and sustaining financial stability. > > The PEO concludes that economies still have much to learn from the > behaviour of markets, and since markets are constantly changing, this > means the need for constant consultation, debating and testing of > hypotheses to learn from each other, and keep pace with markets. > > The annual PEO, which is now in its 10th year, has earned an excellent > reputation for the accuracy of its prediction of real economic growth > in the vast and diverse Pacific region. Its first nine forecasts came > within a half percentage point of actual growth. The PEO report is > presented each year to senior officials of APEC, where PECC is an > official observer. > > The PEO is produced by The Asia Foundation on behalf of PECC, with > major support from Arthur Andersen and contributions by The Chevron > Corporation. > > - End - > > Issued by the PECC International Secretariat (Singapore). > For enquiries, please contact Ms Wong Marn Heong, Director (Public > Affairs) at the PECC Secretariat Tel: 65-7379823, Fax: 65-7379824 >   > > The PECC is an independent, policy-oriented organization of high > level business, academic and government representatives from 23 > Asia-Pacific economies. It aims to foster economic development in > the region by providing a forum for discussion and cooperation in a > wide range of economic areas. These include trade and investment > policies, financial and capital market developments, human resource > development, minerals, energy, food and agriculture, Pacific > economic outlook, science and technology, fisheries, transportation > and telecommunications. PECC is also the only non-governmental body > among the three official observers in APEC. > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ted to experience negative gr From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Fri Jul 31 08:32:31 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Fri, 31 Jul 1998 11:32:31 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 536] Re: PECC and Asian Crisis In-Reply-To: Message-ID: To: gattwd Subject: PECC and Asian Crisis From: gattwd Reply-To: gattwd@corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Comments: Gatt Watchdog Message-ID: Date: Fri, 31 Jul 98 11:29:49 +1200 Organization: PlaNet Gaia Otautahi > PRESS RELEASES   > > PECC calls for an APEC-led Asia Pacific community response to the > Asian economic crisis > > --------------------------------------------------------------- > > PECC NEWS -- For immediate release > > Singapore, 23 June, 1998 - The Pacific Economic Cooperation Council > (PECC) outlined its recommendations for a strong and comprehensive > regional response to the Asian economic crisis, to be led by APEC, in > its policy statement to the APEC Trade Ministers Meeting today in > Kuching, Malaysia. > > The Statement, delivered by PECC Chair Roberto R. Romulo, pointed out > that the crisis had revealed cracks in the systems and institutions > which had yielded rapid growth over the past two decades. "Reclaiming > the high-growth rates of the past and making it sustainable for the > coming millennium will require a new COHERENCE in policy-making and > institution-building which has not yet been seen in the Asia Pacific > region. PECC strongly believes that APEC remains well-suited to lead a > strong and comprehensive Asia Pacific community response to the > economic crisis." > > A new coherent approach in policy development should reflect: > > * the role of international capital mobility in economic > adjustments; > * the role of financial markets in productive economic activity; > * and an economic foundation based on competition principles. > > Greater recognition of policy linkages, as well as sequencing of > policy implementation and liberalization within and between sectors, > would be crucial for realization of the Bogor goals. > > At the domestic level, the response to the crisis are already becoming > more coherent in those economies receiving IMF assistance. But the > PECC Statement observed that "at the regional and multilateral level, > most of these issues are not managed coherently. Financial issues, > competition issues, liberalization initiatives and institutional > development are treated as separate streams. This policy fragmentation > does not reflect the way the corporate sector responds to market > circumstances and is entirely inappropriate for rapid recovery." > > APEC is the ideal vehicle to drive a bold, new regional response to > the crisis, because it already implicitly recognizes the importance of > coherence in its framework through its three pillars of trade and > investment liberalization and facilitation, and economic and technical > cooperation. > > The challenge for APEC now is to fully utilize its positive > institutional attributes to improve the welfare of the Asia Pacific > community. The PECC Statement highlighted that "the EVSL (early > voluntary sectoral liberalization) process, which has absorbed so much > of APEC's recent energy, would lack relevance to the present crisis if > it did not result in a strong, mutually beneficial, and balanced > outcome." > > Elaborating on PECC's position on EVSL, PECC Chair Roberto Romulo > said, "The central goal of APEC is to achieve the Bogor vision of free > and open trade and investment in the region, through broad and > comprehensive trade and investment liberalization and facilitation and > economic and technical cooperation. EVSL is a sectoral approach which > was inspired by the ITA (Information Technology Agreement) to > accelerate APEC towards this goal. EVSL should be in support of this > goal, and not become an end in itself. PECC's Trade Policy Forum is > working on a framework for EVSL and will be presenting its proposals > on how EVSL can support APEC's Bogor vision, and contribute to the > multilateral trade liberalization agenda." > > PECC pledged to use its intellectual resources and wide business and > community network to contribute to the development and implementation > of a coherent response to the crisis. It reported to APEC Trade > Ministers several proposals and projects (some developed jointly with > APEC) which aimed to urgently alleviate the economic hardship of the > people and businesses brought on by the crisis, and also address the > need to look forward in addressing the challenges of an information > age. These include: > > * a proposal to set up a Working Capital Loan Fund for small and > medium size enterprises in crisis-hit economies; > * development of technical cooperation activities, such as training > to improve domestic financial systems and regulatory capacities, > to mitigate the crisis and forestall future events; > * the setting up of a "virtual" "APEC E-Commerce Network" > (APECNET), to broaden expert advice and support to various APEC > fora in their E-commerce activities; and > * the organization of annual Asia Pacific Information Technology > Summits to promote constructive dialogue between the government > leaders and ministers, and industry leaders on the way forward > through IT. > > PECC believes that an APEC-led response which includes all the > stakeholders could develop the necessary building block for > sustainable Asia Pacific cooperation into the new millennium. > > The Asia Pacific community response must include: > > * a strong re-commitment to the PRINCIPLES OF OPEN REGIONALISM > * a PACKAGE APPROACH to liberalization, facilitation and especially > economic and technical cooperation, which will become > increasingly important as economies accelerate liberalization > measures; > * a COHERENT APPROACH which accounts for the INTER-LINKAGES of the > various issues and which recognizes the important role of > COMPETITION PRINCIPLES in providing cohesion to the policy > framework. > * ONGOING POLICY DEVELOPMENT to ensure that the Asia Pacific region > can ANTICIPATE AND RESPOND TO CHANGES in the global economic > architecture more effectively and productively. > * a proactive role in improving SURVEILLANCE and coming up with the > minimum global standards of transparency and information > disclosure. > * CONFIDENCE BUILDING so that each individual crisis-affected > economy remains committed to the process of opening up, > institutional building and good governance. > > [The full PECC Statement is available at > http://www.pecc.net/opinion.html, or on request from the PECC > International Secretariat.] > > - End - > > Issued by the PECC International Secretariat (Singapore). > For enquiries, please contact Ms Wong Marn Heong, Director (Public > Affairs) at the PECC Secretariat Tel: 65-7379823, Fax: 65-7379824 >   > > The PECC is an independent, policy-oriented organization of high > level business, academic and government representatives from 23 > Asia-Pacific economies. It aims to foster economic development in > the region by providing a forum for discussion and cooperation in a > wide range of economic areas. These include trade and investment > policies, financial and capital market developments, human resource > development, minerals, energy, food and agriculture, Pacific > economic outlook, science and technology, fisheries, transportation > and telecommunications. PECC is also the only non-governmental body > among the three official observers in APEC. > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Press Releases
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--Boundary_(ID_0qSLDlaXSIFncvTtGMmm9g)-- From gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz Fri Jul 31 13:37:19 1998 From: gattwd at corso.ch.planet.gen.nz (Gatt Watchdog) Date: Fri, 31 Jul 1998 16:37:19 +1200 Subject: [asia-apec 537] NZ - APEC/Albright Visit - Media Release Message-ID: GATT Watchdog PO Box 1905, Otautahi (Christchurch) 8015 Aotearoa (New Zealand) MEDIA RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE USE 31/7/1998 Albright Visit: Team Coach Arrives for Pep Talk with Cheerleaders: Fair Trade Group cries "foul" On the eve of US Secretary of State's whirlwind visit to New Zealand, fair trade coalition GATT Watchdog is crying "foul". "Madeleine Albright's visit to meet with Prime Minister Jenny Shipley and other senior ministers is reminiscent of the team coach of an extremely unsporting team swanning in for a quick pep talk with its cheerleaders. But unlike tomorrow's Bledisloe Cup match, their game won't be rugby - but advancing US economic and political interests in the name of free trade and investment - particularly with regard to next year's hosting of the APEC meetings here in New Zealand," said Aziz Choudry, spokesperson for GATT Watchdog, a coalition of non-government organisations and community groups which is opposed to the trade and investment liberalisation agenda of APEC and the World Trade Organisation (WTO - formerly the GATT). "A top priority for tomorrow's talks will be trade and economic relations between the two countries. New Zealand has played an active cheerleading role in supporting the US push to promote free trade, and in particular to transform APEC from a loose regional forum for technical cooperation on economic issues into a vehicle to open up markets and economies for the US's own economic interests especially those of its powerful corporations which have greatly shaped the global framework for trade and investment rules to advance their own interests." "No-one should be fooled by US statements about free trade and investment and the importance of consolidating a multilateral trading system. The US has a poor record of honouring its international commitments in such forums as the GATT. It is highly pragmatic and selective about what rules it will obey. It even insists on the sovereign right to use unilateral sanctions against any country it considers to be behaving unfairly towards it - at the same time as demanding that all other countries subordinate their sovereign right to make their own decisions to the international trade rules". "Unlike Lancaster Park, the playing field of the free market is not level. Some would argue that it slopes all the way down to Washington. The US government and the world's other powerful economic units, both countries and corporations, continue to fix the match results," said Mr Choudry. However, Mr Choudry pointed out that the Clinton administration's continued failure to win approval for "fast-track" authority to negotiate new trade agreements was a clear sign that many Americans are questioning the supposed benefits of globalisation as their wages and living conditions are being eroded as they are forced to compete with industries sited in countries with lower wages and lower or non-existent environmental standards. "US commitment to free trade is conditional, not doctrinal like those of successive New Zealand governments. US Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky recently said that "...Americans must drive the rules of the new global landscape and the opening of markets". Under the last round of the GATT, for example, all signatories, including Third World nations, were committed to reduce export subsidies - but it institutionalised the direct income subsidies paid out to US and European Union farmers by their governments. Now even as the US is renewing calls for New Zealand to dismantle its producer boards, it continues to subsidise its dairy exports through its Dairy Export Incentive Programme. Meanwhile it wants to pry markets open right around the world in order to drive down the US trade deficit. So much for "free trade"!" "US trade policy is classic "do as we say, not as we do" stuff. Mrs Albright's visit is no cause for celebration - it is just part of an ongoing US effort to get all countries running faster and faster in a race to the bottom to attract investment and increase exports - regardless of the human and environmental costs. With the continuing Asian economic crisis and the growing gap between rich and poor in New Zealand after a decade and a half of Rogernomics, Ruthanasia, and Jenocide it is time for reflection on the real cost of subscribing to the free market economic growth model, not for more meaningless hype and photo opportunities of Jenny and Madeleine," he concluded. For further comment phone: Aziz Choudry, GATT Watchdog on (03) 3662803 (w)